Human-centred approaches in slipperiness measurement

A number of human—centred methodologies subjective, objective, and combined are used for slipperiness measurement. They comprise a variety of approaches from biomechanically-oriented experiments to psychophysical tests and subjective evaluations. The objective of this paper is to review some of the research done in the field, including such topics as awareness and perception of slipperiness, postural and balance control, rating scales for balance, adaptation to slippery conditions, measurement of unexpected movements, kinematics of slipping, and protective movements during falling. The role of human factors in slips and falls will be discussed. Strengths and weaknesses of human-centred approaches in relation to mechanical slip test methodologies are considered. Current friction-based criteria and thresholds for walking without slipping are reviewed for a number of work tasks. These include activities such as walking on a level or an inclined surface, running, stopping and jumping, as well as stair ascent and descent, manual exertion (pushing and pulling, load carrying, lifting) and particular concerns of the elderly and mobility disabled persons. Some future directions for slipperiness measurement and research in the field of slips and falls are outlined. Human-centred approaches for slipperiness measurement do have many applications. First, they are utilized to develop research hypotheses and models to predict workplace risks caused by slipping. Second, they are important alternatives to apparatus-based friction measurements and are used to validate such methodologies. Third, they are used as practical tools for evaluating and monitoring slip resistance properties of footwear, anti-skid devices and floor surfaces.     

Evaluating suppliers via a multiple levels multiple criteria decision making method under fuzzy environment

Suppliers are an important component of the supply chain. Their ability and performance are what largely determine the success or failure of the supply chain. Thus the evaluation of suppliers has become a very important part of the supply chain management of a company. This paper suggests a multiple levels multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) model under fuzzy environment to evaluate and select suppliers, where a general hierarchical structure is developed to depict the relationship among parent criteria and their sub-criteria and sub-sub-criteria and so on. These criteria are classified into quantitative and qualitative ones. The ratings of alternatives versus qualitative criteria and the importance weights of all criteria in the hierarchical structure are assessed in linguistic values represented by triangular fuzzy numbers. The ranking approach of center of area is suggested to rank all the fuzzy numbers before their weighted ratings aggregation. The final evaluation values of alternatives can then be obtained through the additive weighted ratings from the last to the first level in the criteria structure. Finally a numerical example demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed model.     

浅释《企业会计准则第九号——职工薪酬》

中国的会计准则经过了十多年的探索已经在2006年初正式问世,作为以国际准则趋同为显著特征的新企业会计准则,已经形成了以基本准则指导为纲领,以存货、职工薪酬等一般业务准则为主线,兼顾生物资产、银行保险等特殊业务的新企业会计准则体系,为企业经济的发展提供了一个全新的会计舞台。     

江汉油区注入水水质指标及确定方法

注水开发油田水质是一个很重要的问题 ,随着江汉油区的不断开发与发展 ,老油田含水率不断上升 ,含油污水越来越多 ;新油田陆续进入注水开发阶段 ,也需要有合理的注入水源。根据SY/T5329 -94碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法 ,结合江汉油区实际 ,在对江汉油区注入水水质普查以及大量室内静态和动态试验研究的基础上 ,制定了江汉油区注水水质指标 ,并给出了指标的确定方法。通过使用 ,为江汉油区注水稳产和水质达标起到了重要作用     

巴氏合金轴瓦研磨工艺分析

分析巴氏合金轴瓦人工刮削产生的问题及原因，给出解决的方法，即采用以研代刮工艺，同时对研磨装置及研磨工艺进行说明与分析。     

Steels’ wear resistance definition method by their standard mechanical characteristics

The basic regularities of abrasive outwearing for steels of different structural classes are considered. The reliable function bond of steels’ wear resistance with their mechanical characteristics is proved. The correlation of toughness and plasticity with wear resistance is revealed and the new method of steels’ wear resistance definition based on the use of standard mechanical characteristics is offered. The complex criterion for steels’ wear resistance estimation at mechanical outwearing—the product of ultimate strength on relative reduction of area—(σ_b×ψ) characterizes a nature of steels’ outwearing and is reliable enough for determination of wear resistance in conditions of sliding friction, rolling friction on an abrasive and at erosive outwearing. Using offered complex criterion of steels wear resistance, it is possible to determine or estimate the wear resistances of many steels without running their wear tests. The leading role of metal science in the decision of problem of wear resistance increase for equipment working under abrasive wear conditions is marked.     

A comparative evaluation of K<Subscript>op</Subscript> determination and ΔK<Subscript>eff</Subscript> estimation methods

Methods for determination of the crack opening stress intensity factor (K_op) and for estimation of the effective stress intensity factor range (ΔK_eff) are evaluated for crack growth test data of aluminum alloys. Three methods of determining K_op, visual measurement, ASTM offset compliance method, and the neural network method proposed by Kang and Song, and three methods of estimating ΔK_eff, conventional, the 2/P10 and 2/PI methods proposed by Donald and Paris, are compared in a quantitative manner by using evaluation criteria. For all K_op determination methods discussed, the 2/PI method of estimating ΔK_eff provides good results. The neural network method of determining K_op provides good correlation of crack growth data. It is recommended to use 2/PI estimation with the neural K_op determination method. The ASTM offset method used in conjunction with 2/PI estimation shows a possibility of successful application. It is desired to improve the ASTM method.     

离线电子现金系统安全性研究

如何安全地实现网上支付功能, 并保证交易各方的安全保密, 是电子商务深入发展所必须研究的重大课题。离线电子现金支付系统是电子支付最理想的方式之一。就提高离线电子现金系统的安全性进行了深入研究, 全面分析了其面临的风险, 并根据通用准则的思想提出了一组与具体实现无关的安全要求。     

基于屈服失效准则的薄壁容器试验压力系数

应用基于概率统计理论的可靠性设计方法,根据屈服失效准则,分析了在最苛刻的试验压力条件下,按标准设计的薄壁内压容器可接受的屈服强度初始可靠度范围。从控制薄壁内压容器在不同工况下最小初始可靠度的角度,对其试验压力系数进行了探索。     

科技论文汉译英的选词准则

阐述了科技论文的科学语言的本质特点，讨论了英语的词源与学术语言选词的历史原因，探讨了科技论文汉译英时具有科技味的选词原则及其规律，以及与科学语言之间的相互关系。