How cryogenic techniques help in machining of nickel alloys? A review

Nickel alloys are extensively used in aerospace, automotive, marine, nuclear, petro-chemical and food processing industries due to properties like high strength, resistance to heat, resistance to corrosion, etc. However, machining of these alloys pose many challenges in machining such as: work hardening, high temperatures at the cutting zone, rapid tool wear, reduced tool-life, etc. Attempts are made to overcome these challenges by using various cryogenic techniques. This paper, therefore discusses different techniques such as cryogenic cooling, cryogenic treatment of tool and simultaneous use of cryogenic cooling of tool and heating of workpiece (hybrid technique) and their effects on machinability of Nickel alloys with the help of indicators like tool-life, surface roughness, residual stresses, etc. It is concluded that cryogenic techniques are helpful in improving the machining performance by way of improvement in tool-life and surface quality. This happens due to better cooling by cryogen and improved tool properties after cryogenic treatment. However, based on the published works, it is not possible to decide about the following: correct amount of cryogen required for cooling, appropriate cryogenic tool treatment cycle to be used and the best parameters for machining of Nickel alloys. Therefore, future research should focus on these aspects.     

A new HPF specimen carrier adapter for the use of high‐pressure freezing with cryoscanning electron microscope: two applications: stearic acid organization in a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix and mice myocardium

Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy of high‐pressure freezing (HPF) samples is a well‐established technique for the analysis of liquid containing specimens. This technique enables observation without removing water or other volatile components. The HPF technique is less used in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) due to the lack of a suitable HPF specimen carrier adapter. The traditional SEM cryotransfer system (PP3000T Quorum Laughton, East Sussex, UK; Alto Gatan, Pleasanton, CA, USA) usually uses nitrogen slush. Unfortunately, and unlike HPF, nitrogen slush produces water crystal artefacts. So, we propose a new HPF specimen carrier adapter for sample transfer from HPF system to cryogenic‐scanning electronic microscope (Cryo‐SEM). The new transfer system is validated using technical two applications, a stearic acid in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution and mice myocardium. Preservation of samples is suitable in both cases. Cryo‐SEM examination of HPF samples enables a good correlation between acid stearic liquid concentration and acid stearic occupation surface (only for homogeneous solution). For biological samples as myocardium, cytoplasmic structures of cardiomyocyte are easily recognized with adequate preservation of organelle contacts and inner cell organization. We expect this new HPF specimen carrier adapter would enable more SEM‐studies using HPF.     

Plant-wide control for the economic operation of modified single mixed refrigerant process for an offshore natural gas liquefaction plant

The marine operation of floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) demands process compactness, flexibility, simplicity of operation, safety, and higher efficiency. The modified single mixed refrigerant (MSMR) process satisfies the FLNG process requirements and is accepted as a suitable technology for FLNG operation. The aim of this study was to develop a plant-wide control structure or strategy that can sustain the economic efficiency of the MSMR process. The NGL recovery and liquefaction units were integrated in the MSMR process to provide a compact plant structure with an efficient operation. Steady-state optimality analysis was intensively conducted in a rigorous dynamic simulation environment to determine the correct variable to sustain the economic efficiency of MSMR process. The results showed that the flow rate ratio of heavy and light mixed refrigerant (HK/LK ratio) is a promising self-optimizing controlled variable. Controlling this variable can sustain the MSMR optimality, even when the process is operated under off-design operating conditions or in the presence of disturbances. Based on the control structure tests, the control configuration with the HK/LK ratio loop showed excellent performance, maintaining the process stability against a range of disturbances. The proposed approach can also be applied to any cryogenic liquefaction technology for determining a possible optimizing controlled variable.     

小型低温真空光学实验装置设计

为适应未来遥感光学系统研究的需要,研制了一套低温真空实验装置.该实验装置包括低温真空腔体、真空抽气系统、ZYGO干涉仪和防震平台以及监控测温系统.其中的低温真空腔体是针对小型光学元件实验设计的,主要用于测量光学元件的温度场和低温变形,并且把电机产生的局部热量尽可能导出系统.文中还对真空低温腔的关键部件光学窗口和梯形支撑的设计进行了详细分析.     

近红外湿度测量仪研究

针对传统测湿方法的测量时间长等弱点,应用近红外分析（NIRA）技术开展对环境大气湿度测量技术的研究。红外湿度测量仪基于Lambert—Beer定律,在功能上被设计为测量头和二次仪表两个模块。测量头选用新型的集成红外光源和与之匹配的集成探测器,设计简单、稳定可靠的光学结构,优化了电路设计和标定方法。二次仪表采用嵌入系统设计。整机具有高度智能化,能实现对大气环境湿度的高精度、动态、分布式、无接触测量。     

等离子体室内空气净化技术研究成果与探讨

讨论了绝缘屏障放电和脉冲电晕放电应用于空气净化的实验,并比较了实验结果;研究了用交流屏障型等离子体反应器进行香烟烟雾气味控制的实验,并对结果进行了分析;阐述了等离子体杀菌消毒的原理,研究了不同菌种的平面试样实验。     

可变温红外探测器中测杜瓦设计

介绍了一种中测变温杜瓦装置(简称变温杜瓦),可实现多个温度条件下(60～300 K)连续测试芯片性能.与传统的中测液氮杜瓦相比,变温杜瓦体积较小,可与制冷机耦合,从而实现多个温度可调.另外,将变温杜瓦的框架部件设计为可拆卸结构,既可以兼容多种规格的芯片,又提高了芯片性能的封装效率.通过试验测试,变温杜瓦组件芯片衬底区域...     

HPLC-ELSD法测定食品中异麦芽酮糖

建立了一种方便、准确、灵敏的方法以测定食品中异麦芽酮糖含量的高效液相色谱蒸发光散射检测器方法。使用Hypersil APS-2(NH2)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱分离,柱温40℃;以乙腈:水=88:12为流动相,流速1 m L/min;ELSD为检测器,雾化器温度50℃;蒸发器80℃;载气(氮气)流速1.6 L/min。结果:检出限为30μg/m L;在80~1200μg/m L内工作曲线线性良好,相关系数r2=0.9991,回收率85.6%~98.1%,精密度2.78%~2.92%。结果表明此方法前处理简单,易于操作,检测限低,在线性范围内线性良好,相关系数高,测量结果精确度高,是检测食品中异麦芽酮糖的有效方法。     

高效液相-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)测定食品中三氯蔗糖的方法研究

建立用高效液相-蒸发光散射检测器（HPLC—ELSD）快速准确测定酱油、配制酒等食品中三氯蔗糖的方法。样品经前处理后,用HPLC—ELSD进行检测。仪器条件为流动相乙腈／水为20／80,流速为1．0mL／min,雾化气流量为2．9L／min,漂移管温度为106℃。结果表明,该方法在0-100wedmL范围内曲线方程的相关系数R2为0．9996,方法检出限为0．5mg／kg,样品回收率大于90％,RSD小于5％。该方法操作简便、稳定可靠,适用于配制酒等食品中三氯蔗糖的检测。     

关于静力触探有关问题的探讨

着重介绍了静力触探的基本原理、方法及资料处理情况,同时对静力触探的多种手段进行了对比,并对静力触探资料的整理及分层情况进行详细分析,为工程勘察提供准确数据.