The influence of iron on the precipitation behaviour of nickel powder

The effect of iron on the precipitation behaviour of nickel powder was investigated. Reduction experiments were conducted on a 0.5 L laboratory autoclave fitted with a Teflon reaction beaker and a double impeller configuration consisting of an upper axial impeller and lower Rushton turbine. Reduction was conducted in the presence of a morphology modifier at a temperature between 180 and and 2800 kPa pressure using a synthetic nickel ammine sulphate solution (, free NH₃:Ni²⁺ and (NH₄)₂SO₄:Ni²⁺ molar ratios of 2.0-2.1 and 2.2, respectively). Nickel seed was used to initiate reduction and iron was added to the reduction solution as ferrous sulphate solution (acidified to pH 2.5 to prevent oxidation) to give a reduction solution with Fe²⁺ concentration of 6, 20 and 200 mg/L. The effect of iron was investigated by studying the evolution of the moments, volume or mass moment mean D(4.3), number based mean size , nickel depletion rate and population balance in the absence of sampling between batch reductions. Iron was found to act as a growth promoter and nucleation agent through reversible adsorption and hydrolysis on the surface of the seed particles. Growth was preferentially favoured over nucleation up to a Fe²⁺ concentration of 6 mg/L, thereafter the extent of nucleation increased with increasing Fe²⁺ concentration up to 200 mg/L. Nucleation and growth promotion in the presence of high shear rates gave rise to rapid aggregation, which ceased at a critical size of approximately and in the presence of iron and without. However, the sharp increase in the D(4.3) towards the end of the cycle and the general decrease in surface area shows that aggregation of larger particles plays a major role in size enlargement. Comparison of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the powder with undesirable morphology produced in industrial practice and that produced in the laboratory in the presence of iron showed that iron was one of the factors responsible for the production of powder with undesirable morphology. Based on these laboratory scale experiments, iron levels in reduction solutions should not exceed 6 mg/L for effective control of particle morphology.     

Phosphate and potassium recovery from source separated urine through struvite precipitation

Phosphate can be recovered as struvite or apatite in fluidised bed reactors. Urine has a much higher phosphate concentration than sludge reject water, allowing simpler (and less expensive) process for precipitation of phosphates. A stirred tank reactor with a special compartment for liquid solid separation was used to precipitate struvite from urine. Magnesium ammonium phosphate as well as potassium magnesium phosphate are two forms of struvite that were successfully precipitated. Liquid/solid separation was very effective, but the compaction of struvite was rather poor in the case of potassium struvite. Crystals did not form clusters and maintained the typical orthorhombic structure. Ammonium struvite had slightly lower effluent phosphate concentrations, but an average of 95% of influent phosphate was removed regardless of ammonium or potassium struvite precipitation. Fluid mechanics is believed to be important and should inform further work.