An analytical solution for geotextile-wrapped soil based on insights from DEM analysis

This paper presents a novel analytical solution for geotextile-wrapped soil based on a comprehensive numerical analysis conducted using the discrete element method (DEM). By examining the soil–geotextile interface friction, principal stress distribution, and stress–strain relations of the constituent soil and geotextile in the DEM analysis, a complete picture of the mechanical characterization of geotextile-wrapped soil under uniaxial compression is first provided. With these new insights, key assumptions are verified and developed for the proposed analytical solution. In the DEM analysis, a near-failure state line that predicts stress ratios relative to the maximums at failure with respect to deviatoric strain is uniquely identified; dilation rates are found to be related to stress ratios via a single linear correlation regardless of the tensile stiffness of the geotextile. From these new findings, the assumptions on the stress-state evolution and the stress–dilatancy relation are developed accordingly, and the wrapped granular soil can therefore be modeled as a Mohr–Coulomb elastoplastic solid with evolving stress ratio and dilation rate. The development of the proposed analytical model also demonstrates an innovative approach to take advantage of multiscale insights for the analytical modeling of complex geomaterials. The analytical model is validated with the DEM simulation results of geotextile-wrapped soil under uniaxial compression, considering a wide range of geotextile tensile stiffnesses. To further examine the predictive capacity of the analytical model, the stress–strain response under triaxial compression conditions is solved analytically, taking both different confining pressures and geotextile tensile stiffnesses into account. Good agreement is obtained between the analytical and DEM solutions, which suggests that the key assumptions developed in the uniaxial compression conditions also remain valid for triaxial compression conditions.     

Characterization and Evaluation of Elevation Data Uncertainty in Water Resources Modeling with GIS

Grid based digital elevation models (DEM) are commonly used in water resources modeling. The quality of readily available DEM, however, varies from source to source in terms of horizontal resolution and vertical accuracy which are the two important aspects of elevation uncertainty in the modeling with raster GIS. This paper addresses the issue of elevation data uncertainty in GIS supported hydrologic simulations. The essential role of elevation data in the modeling is revealed by presenting DEM processing processes in distributed and semi-distributed hydrologic analyses. It is very difficult to examine the elevation uncertainties analytically due to complexities of the hydrologic models. An ideal approach is to assess the effect of the DEM uncertainty by applying varying resolutions or accuracies of elevation data in the modeling. Different grid sizes of DEM are used in observing DEM resolution dependence and resulting model outputs are compared to obtain a profile of its effect. Impact of DEM vertical accuracy is explored by Monte Carlo simulation with a large number of DEM realizations generated based on different levels of specified error. The approach is implemented in a case study with a topography based hydrologic model on an experimental watershed to analyze both aspects of the uncertainty. The results show that both DEM grid size and vertical accuracy could have profound effect on hydrologic modeling performance. The impact can be compensated by model calibrations due to interactions between model parameters and spatial factors. The study indicates that the DEM uncertainty can be effectively evaluated using the applied method. The work is to provide some insight into the characterization of elevation data quality and the association between topography and water resources models.     

基于子流域的TOPMODEL模拟研究

 TOPMODEL是根据水文相似性——地形指数相同的栅格划分为同一产流单元进行产流计算,但是其不能考虑降雨和地形指数统计分布曲线等流域地形地貌信息的空间不均匀性。通过对流域DEM处理,建立了基于水系子流域的TOPMODEL。该模型考虑了降雨、地形指数分布曲线等空间不均匀性。将基于子流域的TOPMODEL和TOPMODEL应用在九州流域,并进行模拟比较,发现基于子流域的TOPMODEL更能反映流域的实际情况,模拟的结果更加合理。可以预测不同子流域降雨组合下的流域出口的流量过程。     

A DEM‐based parallel computing hydrodynamic and transport model

The sudden and accidental water pollution response system (SAWPRS) for Yangtze River in central China required to develop a hydrodynamic and transport model, which is readily available and capable of simulating a large river system within GIS environment. This study facilitates such effort by developing a parallel computing method based on digital elevation model (DEM) using overlapping domain decomposition approach (ODDA) and message passing interface (MPI) protocol. The hydrodynamic and transport model was redesigned using finite volume method for hydrodynamic and transport model dispersion, the SIMPLEC method for solving the flow field, and the pressure weighted interpolating method for the flow field modification. This modelling approach was verified in two experiments using different sets of computer clusters. The model output was evaluated against the measured data collected for the year 1998 for Wanzhou, an upstream river segment of Yangtze River. The relative error was found to be less than 10%. The performance of parallel computation was found excellent as evident from the cost efficiency values greater than 0.81 in both experiments and increased computation speed while increasing the number of computer clusters. Overall, the parallel computing modelling system developed here was found to meet all requirements of SAWPRS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CREATING AND EVALUATING DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL‐BASED STREAM‐POWER MAP AS A STREAM ASSESSMENT TOOL

As urban development increases, a need is emerging to understand and predict river behaviour in order to focus rehabilitation efforts and protect the natural river system while preserving urban infrastructure. Stream assessment methods are reviewed to demonstrate the need for a physically based and objective method that is also accessible in terms of time, data requirements and expertise. The case of Highland Creek near Toronto, Canada, is used to demonstrate a new type of initial stream assessment method that is based on the concept of stream power and performed entirely in a geographic information system using information from a digital elevation model (DEM). The results from this analysis are tested against existing information for Highland Creek. This includes a hydraulic model (Hydraulic Engineering Center's ‘River Analysis System’), field‐measured slopes, air photos and the geomorphic effects of an extreme flood. In addition, the results are presented in map form to demonstrate the effectiveness of visualizing the stream‐power distribution over the entire basin and also the usefulness of overlaying stream power onto other available information. The slopes extracted from the DEM are found to be statistically similar to those from a one‐dimensional hydraulic model and field‐measured slopes. Individual peaks in slope as well as locations of stream‐power maxima and minima are found to correlate to actual channel features as seen in air photos. The extreme flood event of August 2005 caused a dramatic change in channel form at the exact location of maximum energy predicted by the DEM‐based stream‐power analysis. The case of Highland Creek illustrates how this approach yields a useful outcome for understanding stream dynamics and stability as part of a stream assessment process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桩承式路堤土拱效应颗粒流分析

土拱效应是桩承式路堤中荷载传递机制中的关键因素。参照前人室内模型试验,采用颗粒流软件PFC2D建立离散元（DEM ）数值模型,对桩承式路堤中的接触力分布、主应力偏转、竖向位移和侧向位移等进行深入分析。模拟中,路堤填料和桩间土采用Disk单元模拟,桩和模型箱采用Wall单元模拟,路堤DEM 模型采用分层压实法生成;路堤填料细观参数通过建立数值双轴试验进行标定,桩间土细观参数通过建立数值压缩试验进行标定。模拟结果表明：桩承式路堤中土拱由多个不同圆心的半球形拱共同组成,拱的高度约为5（ s－ a）／6;在该高度内路堤中的主应力发生明显偏转,竖向位移量和侧向位移量较大。     

桩承式路堤土拱效应颗粒流分析

土拱效应是桩承式路堤中荷载传递机制中的关键因素。参照前人室内模型试验,采用颗粒流软件PFC2D建立离散元(DEM)数值模型,对桩承式路堤中的接触力分布、主应力偏转、竖向位移和侧向位移等进行深入分析。模拟中,路堤填料和桩间土采用Disk单元模拟,桩和模型箱采用Wall单元模拟,路堤DEM模型采用分层压实法生成;路堤填料细观参数通过建立数值双轴试验进行标定,桩间土细观参数通过建立数值压缩试验进行标定。模拟结果表明:桩承式路堤中土拱由多个不同圆心的半球形拱共同组成,拱的高度约为5(s-a)/6;在该高度内路堤中的主应力发生明显偏转,竖向位移量和侧向位移量较大。     

基坑环梁支撑结构的连续破坏模拟及冗余度研究

传统的基坑水平支护设计理论是基于构件进行强度设计,没有考虑大面积复杂基坑支护系统的连续破坏问题,对基坑支护体系冗余度的评价方法及冗余度指标等也缺乏针对性研究。以环梁形式的水平支撑体系为典型,设置了不同的环梁支撑平面布置方案,利用离散元软件PFC,通过FISH语言二次开发定义了钢筋混凝土杆件的破坏准则,实现了局部构件破坏时水平支撑结构体系的连续破坏模拟以及整体破坏荷载确定。在此基础上,进一步提出了一种考虑水平支撑设计荷载的冗余度评价指标,并对有、无角撑支撑体系的冗余度进行了定量分析对比,同时表明此指标可以更为直观地体现水平支撑体系在局部破坏的情况下是否能够继续承担设计荷载而不至于发生连续破坏直至整体破坏,具有更明确的理论与实用意义。针对环梁水平支撑体系的研究还表明,对于要求变形和受力尽量均匀的环梁支撑体系来说,在满足刚度均匀的前提条件下合理增加传力路径来提高冗余度尤为重要,否则,不合理地增加传力路径可能反而造成环梁支撑体系的受力和变形更为不利。建议对重要、复杂的基坑水平支撑体系进行冗余度分析及优化,并在施工过程中对关键构件进行重点监测与保护。     

利用ASTERGlobalDEM和GoogleEarth卫星遥感影像辅助电力工程选址选线

介绍了ASTER Global DEM数据和Google Earth影像特点,以及阐述通过定制与检查DEM数据、卫星影像下载与纠正、数据基准转换与投影变换、等高线生成与影像叠加四个环节来制作遥感影像地图的方法.结合工程实践经验,说明该方法适合于难以获取基础地理信息的区域,能辅助电力工程的选址选线.     

利用LiDAR成果生产数字线划图的简易方法

提出一种利用LiDAR成果生产数字线划图的简易方法,实现了大比例尺地形图的快速更新与维护.