Application of visible-light photocatalysis with nitrogen-doped or unmodified titanium dioxide for control of indoor-level volatile organic compounds

The present study evaluated visible-light photocatalysis, applying an annular reactor coated with unmodified or nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), to cleanse gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at indoor levels. The surface chemistry investigation of N-doped TiO(2) suggested that there was no significant residual of sulfate ions or urea species on the surface of the N-doped TiO(2). Under visible-light irradiation, the photocatalytic technique using N-doped TiO(2) was much superior to that for unmodified TiO(2) for the degradation of VOCs. Moreover, the degradation efficiency by a reactor coated with N-doped TiO(2) was well above 90% for four target compounds (ethyl benzene, o,m,p-xylenes), suggesting that this photocatalytic system can be effectively employed to cleanse these pollutants at indoor air quality (IAQ) levels. The degradation efficiency of all target compounds increased as the stream flow rate (SFR) decreased. For most target compounds, a reactor with a lower hydraulic diameter (HD) exhibited elevated degradation efficiency. The result on humidity effect suggested that the N-doped photocatalyst could be employed effectively to remove four target compounds (ethyl benzene, o,m,p-xylenes) under conditions of less humidified environments, including a typical indoor comfort range (50-60%). Consequently, it is suggested that with appropriate photocatalytic conditions, a visible-light-assisted N-doped photocatalytic system is clearly an important tool for improving IAQ.     

Isolation and characterization of a nitrobenzene degrading yeast strain from activated sludge

Strain Z1 was isolated from nitrobenzene-contaminated sludge. Strain Z1 was able to utilize nitrobenzene as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy under aerobic condition. Based on the morphology, physiological biochemical characteristics, and 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence, strain Z1 was identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Strain Z1 mineralized up to 450mg L(-1) nitrobenzene. Kinetics of nitrobenzene degradation was described using the Andrews equation. The kinetic parameters were as follows: q(max)=1.50h(-1), K(s)=31.31mg L(-1), and K(i)=101.34mg L(-1). Strain Z1 had a high-salinity tolerance. It degraded nitrobenzene effectively in 5% NaCl (quality concentration). Even in the presence of aniline or phenol, strain Z1 degraded nitrobenzene efficiently. Strain Z1 therefore could be an excellent candidate for the bio-treatment of nitrobenzene industrial wastewaters.     

双草醚在稻田土壤中的降解及其影响因子的研究

采用了实验室模拟方法研究了双草醚在不同土壤中的降解动态。结果表明,在未灭菌的土壤中,双草醚三种浓度(2.0、10.0、50.0mg kg-1)处理的半衰期为7.6~10.3d,远远小于在灭菌土壤中3种添加浓度处理的半衰期(43.3~61.9 d);双草醚在偏酸土壤中降解较快,随着土壤含水量的增加和环境温度的增高,双草醚降解速度加快。4种试验因子中土壤微生物是影响双草醚降解的主要因素,有利于土壤中微生物生长的环境因素,如偏酸的土壤、较高的温度和土壤湿度等,也能促进土壤中双草醚的降解。     

可完全生物降解材料的应用进展

介绍了可生物降解材料的降解机理和特点,综述了化学合成型、天然高分子型和微生物合成型可完全生物降解材料的研究现状及其在各个领域的最新应用进展。     

多环芳烃蒽在两种贝类中的检测及生物降解研究

目的 比较月亮贝(Neolamprologuscalliurus)和竹蛏(Solenstrictu)对多环芳烃蒽的富集作用,筛选获得高效蒽降解菌株。方法 采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatohraphy-mass spectromety, GC-MS)检测两种贝类中蒽的含量,采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)比较6种菌株和上述菌株等体积混合得到的菌群对蒽的降解率,并对高效菌株或菌群的降解条件进行优化。结果 两种贝类均能够对蒽进行富集,在0.5和5μg/L蒽处理条件下,月亮贝对蒽的富集比竹蛏高2.75和3.34倍。6种菌株对蒽的降解率可达92.11%～95.90%,而混合菌群对蒽的降解率最高可达97.17%。菌群生物降解蒽的最佳条件为pH 6、温度27℃、降解时间15 d。另外,添加30 mg/L Mg²⁺促进了混合菌群对蒽的降解。结论 月亮贝对蒽的富集高于竹蛏,混合菌群对蒽的降解率最高,添加Mg²⁺可以促进蒽的生物降解。     

Cu/Al2O3 催化臭氧氧化降解水中甲草胺的研究

研究了在Cu/Al2O3存在下臭氧氧化降解水中一种具有内分泌干扰作用的有机污染物--甲草胺的效能及主要影响因素.研究证明,Cu/Al2O3具有明显的催化臭氧氧化效能.对催化臭氧氧化降解前后水的TOC、电导及内分泌干扰活性等指标进行的测定结果表明,在Cu/Al2O3催化剂的作用下,反应溶液的TOC比O3单独氧化处理的TOC有更大程度的降低,即对甲草胺的矿化程度大大提高;矿化程度的提高使溶液的电导有所提高进而促进对甲草胺的处理.催化臭氧氧化处理后水的内分泌干扰活性比非催化过程的有明显降低,说明Cu/Al2O3催化剂可有效去除甲草胺的中间氧化产物,能彻底去除水中甲草胺这种内分泌干扰物质.     

GaAIAs/GaAs正面发光管的失效机理研究

研究和分析了高辐射GaAlAs/GaAs LED的退化机理。经高温加速老化,估算器件的工作寿命为10~5小时,并估算该器件的激活能为0.58eV。     

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over CaFe_2O_4 under visible LED light irradiation mediated by peroxymonosulfate

A simple sol-gel approach is proposed herein to fabricate CaFe₂O₄for the degradation of various organic pollutants(rhodamine B(RhB),tetracycline hydrochloride,humic acid,and methylene orange)under LED light irradiation mediated by peroxymonosulfate(PMS).The results indicate that the calcination temperature can significantly influence the performance of CaFe₂O₄for PMS activation,and the CaFe₂O₄sample obtained at 800℃(CaFe₂O₄-800)exhibits the best efficiency in degrading RhB,which is much higher than that of Fe_2o₃-800.This can be attributed to the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons(e^-)and holes(h⁺)by PMS,which is validated by transient photocurrent response and photoluminescence measurements.Results from density functio nal theo ry calculations indicate that the valence band of CaFe₂O₄-800 exhibits a high concentration of carriers and weak localization of electrons,which are favorable for PMS activation.Radical scavenging results confirm that h⁺and O₂^·-are the dominant reactive species.Moreover,CaFe₂O₄-800 not only demonstrated a stable performance during eight cycling runs with negligible iron leaching but also exhibited excellent degradation efficiency under natural water and sunlight.Finally,the mechanism and pathway of RhB degradation by the CaFe₂O₄-800/PMS/LED system are also proposed.This work presents the enormous prospect of CaFe₂O₄as an environmentally benign photocatalyst for PMS activation.     

A test house study of pesticides and pesticide degradation products following an indoor application

Preexisting pesticide degradates are a concern for pesticide biomonitoring studies as exposure to them may result in overestimation of pesticide exposure. The purpose of this research was to determine whether there was significant formation and movement, of pesticide degradates over a 5‐week period in a controlled indoor setting after insecticide application. Movement of the pesticides during the study was also evaluated. In a simulated crack and crevice application, commercially available formulations of fipronil, propoxur, cis/trans‐permethrin, and cypermethrin were applied to a series of wooden slats affixed to the wall in one room of an unoccupied test house. Floor surface samples were collected through 35 days post‐application. Concentrations of the pesticides and the following degradates were determined: 2‐iso‐propoxyphenol, cis/trans 3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐3‐3‐dimethyl‐(1‐cyclopropane) carboxylic acid, 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid, fipronil sulfone, fipronil sulfide, and fipronil desulfinyl. Deltamethrin, which had never been applied, and chlorpyrifos, which had been applied several years earlier, and their degradation products, cis‐3‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid, and, 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol, respectively, were also measured. Propoxur was the only insecticide with mass movement away from the application site. There was no measurable formation or movement of the degradates. However, all degradates were present at low levels in the formulated product. These results indicate longitudinal repetitive sampling of indoor degradate levels during short‐term studies, is unnecessary.     

Novel method for separation and screening of lubricant-degrading microorganisms and bacterial biodegradation☆

With the rapid increase of lubricant consumption,oil contamination becomes more serious.Biotreatment is an important method to remove oil contamination with some advantages.In this study,acclimatized oilcontaminated soil and used lubricating oil were sampled to isolate lubricant-degrading strains by several methods.51 isolates were obtained and 24-well plates were employed to assess bacterial potential in highthroughput screening.The method was noted for the prominence of oil–water two-phase system with saving chemicals,shortening cycles and lessening workloads.In order to decrease inaccuracy,subculture and resting cells were inoculated into mineral salt medium with 200 μl oil in well plates for the cultivation at 37 °C for 5and 7 days,and the biodegradation potential was characterized by the changes of oil film and cell density.With appropriate evaluation by shaking flask tests,5 isolates were retained for their potentials with the maximum biodegradation from 1500 to 2200 mg · L~(-1)and identified as Acidovorax citrulli,Pseudomonas balearica,Acinetobacter johnsonii(two isolates with different biodegradation potentials)and Acidovorax avenae using 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis.Also,lipase activity was determined using indicator titration and p-nitrophenyl palmitate(p-NPP)methods.The results indicated that only p-NPP was successful to test lipase activity with the range of 1.93–6.29 U · ml~(-1).Although these five strains could degrade 1000 mg · L~(-1)lubricating oil in158–168 h,there existed distinct difference in enzyme activity,which demonstrates that lipase activity could not be used as the criterion to evaluate microbial biodegradation potential for petroleum hydrocarbons.