液体物料冷冻干燥的热点问题

液体物料冷冻干燥广泛应用于制药工业。其过程工艺的重要性正赢得世界范围的研究关注。文献已证实科学方法能够用最少的试差来提高产品质量。过程工艺的建立和规划需要系统地理解冷冻、冷冻干燥、材料科学和质热传递等物理化学过程。本文就液体物料冷冻干燥过程做了简要评述,并对其过程的热点问题做了分析。     

Depletion kinetics of perfluoropolyether films with functional end groups using molecular dynamics simulation

Molecular dynamics simulation coupled with a coarse-grained model is employed to investigate the surface depletion kinetics of functional polyether film under heat treatment. The real-time evolutions of lubricant film desorption and decomposition are examined during rapid heating and isothermal stages. The reaction order of lubricant depletion is evaluated during the rapid heating using a constant heating rate and various coverages. It reveals that a peak in the desorption (decomposition) rate is formed and is independent of the mass (bond) coverage, which gives rise to a first-order, coverage independent depletion kinetics. The rate constants for lubricant desorption and decomposition are thus calculated based on a first-order kinetics-controlled reaction during the isothermal stage. The kinetics of functional lubricant depletion shows that desorption is the main mechanism of lubricant depletion under rapid and isothermal heat treatment and is the major cause of lubricant thermal instability on the surface.     

Regeneration performance of concentrated CO2-rich alkanolamine solvents: The first step study of a novel concept for reducing regeneration heat consumption by using concentration swing absorption technology

A concept called “concentration swing absorption (CSA)” was present to save CO₂ regeneration heat requirement. In this process the initial lean-CO₂ solvent is executed to form the so-called initial CO₂-rich solvent (ICRS) by absorbing CO₂, then ICRS is split into the concentrated CO₂-rich solvent (CCRS) phase and the diluted phase (mainly water). And only CCRS is regenerated in the stripper. Regeneration characteristics of CCRS were investigated as the first step study of CSA. Results showed that compared to the direct regeneration of ICRS, concentrating ICRS before regeneration cannot only improve the regeneration performance, but also reduce the regeneration temperature. Despite the increase of solvent viscosity hindering the CO₂ molecular diffusion of regeneration, ICRS should be concentrated to become the special CCRS with higher concentration beyond its unique critical concentration range. Moreover, based on the energy analysis of CSA considering the reboiler heat duty and energy required to concentrate ICRS by taking 30 wt% monoethanolamine (MEA) as an example, theoretically the overall CO₂ regeneration heat requirement may be decreased considerably to 2739.98 kJ/kg of CO₂ by about 34.78% in the future when ICRS was concentrated to 60 wt%.     

Removal of toxic metal Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using sawdust as adsorbent: Equilibrium, kinetics and regeneration studies

In the present study, a low-cost adsorbent is developed from the naturally and abundantly available sawdust which is biodegradable. The removal capacity of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and from the synthetically prepared industrial effluent of electroplating and tannery industries is obtained. The batch experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of the significant process parameters such as initial pH, change in pH during adsorption, contact time, adsorbent amount, and the initial Cr(VI) concentration. The maximum adsorption of Cr(VI) on sawdust is obtained at an initial pH value of 1. The value of pH increases with increase in contact time and initial Cr(VI) concentration. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Cr(VI) on sawdust is tested with various adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson, Koble–Corrigan, Tempkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Generalized equation. The Langmuir isotherm model is found to be the most suitable one for the Cr(VI) adsorption using sawdust and the maximum adsorption capacity obtained is 41.5 mg g⁻¹ at a pH value of 1. The adsorption process follows the second-order kinetics and the corresponding rate constants are obtained. Desorption of Cr(VI) from sawdust using acid and base treatment exhibited a higher desorption efficiency by more than 95%. A feasible solution is proposed, for the disposal of the contaminant (acid and base solutions) containing high concentration of Cr(VI) obtained during the desorption process. The interference of other ions which are generally present in the electroplating and tannery industrial effluent streams on the Cr(VI) removal is investigated.     

Sugar-beet pulp pectin gels as biosorbent for heavy metals: Preparation and determination of biosorption and desorption characteristics

The present work reports the feasibility of using sugar-beet pectin gels for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Sugar-beet pectin hydro- and xerogels were tested in the batch biosorption and desorption of cadmium, lead and copper. Pectins were successfully extracted and demethylated from the sugar-beet pulp, an agricultural residue, and gelled in the presence of CaCl₂. The stability of the hydro- and xerogel pectin beads made them suitable for biosorption of heavy metals in different conditions. Biosorption data were fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, obtaining the corresponding parameters. Treated and untreated beads were characterized using FTIR and SEM to determine possible binding mechanisms. The main mechanisms involved were ion exchange with calcium of gel structure and chelation or complexation with carboxyl groups. After biosorption, calcium in the gels was substituted by metal cations reorganizing the structure of the gel matrix in a way that was visible using scanning electron microscopy. HNO₃ 0.1 M was the best eluant for the reutilization of the gels and recovered all the adsorbed metal unlike HCl and H₂SO₄. Sugar-beet pectins could be used as an efficient biosorbent for the treatment and recovery of Cu, Pb and Cd from wastewater.     

The chemical bonding of copper ions on kaolin from Suzhou, China

Reactions of copper with kaolin are important in determining copper fate in the environment. Adsorption characteristics of Cu by the kaolin from Suzhou, China were investigated at varying Cu concentrations (0 to 100 mg/l), pH values (approximately 2 to 11) and temperature (25, 40 and 50 °C). Cu adsorption by the kaolin was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations. The kaolin did not exhibit the adsorption maximum, 666.67 mg/kg, as determined by the linearized form of the Langmuir equation. The k_d values decreased exponentially with increasing initial Cu concentrations in the solution. A unit increase in pH resulted in approximately 8.47, 9.61 and 10.82% increase in Cu adsorption by the kaolin at the initial Cu concentration 5, 50, 100 mg/l, respectively. The pH₅₀ values increase with increasing initial Cu concentration. Desorption of Cu was well described by the linear model (y = 0.0917x + 0.7136) with correlation coefficient R² = 0.9994. Most of the adsorbed Cu is nonspecific adsorption; the mobility of Cu in the kaolin from Suzhou, China is high under low pH conditions.     

钾掺杂钨合金中气相热充氘的热脱附行为

钾(K)掺杂钨(W)合金已经表现了优异的高温力学性能,成为最有希望的PFMs 备选材料之一.为评估氢同位素在W-K合金中的滞留情况,采用放电等离子烧结技术(SPS),制备了纯W及K含量82 μg/g 的W-K 合金,通过气相热充法引入氘(D)元素,考察热脱附行为.研究表明,气相热充氘释放温区从600 K 延伸至1200...     

Use of Phosphate Rock for the Removal of Ni2+ from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetic and Thermodynamics Studies

A study was carried out in batch conditions to examine the removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution by phosphate rock. The effect of different sorption parameters, such as initial metal concentration, equilibration time, solution pH, and temperature on the amount of Ni2+ sorbed was studied and discussed. The sorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics with necessary time of 2?h to reach equilibrium. The maximum removal obtained is at initial pH around 8. Nickel uptake was quantitatively evaluated using the Langmuir and Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich model. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm constant corresponding to adsorption capacity, Q0, was found to be 7.63?mg/g. The possibility of metal recovery was investigated using several eluting agents. The desorbed amount of nickel decreased continuously with increasing pH, and increased with increasing Ca2+ concentration in leaching solution.     

Diesel emission control system using combined process of nonthermal plasma and exhaust gas components' recirculation

A NO_x aftertreatment system, using nonthermal plasma (NTP) reduction and exhaust gas components' recirculation, is investigated. A pilot-scale system is applied to a stationary diesel engine. In this system, NO_x is first removed by adsorption, and subsequently, the adsorbent is regenerated by thermal desorption. NO_x desorbed is reduced by using nitrogen NTP. Moreover, NO_x, CO₂, and water vapor recirculated into the engine intake reduce NO_x. In this study, approximately 57% of the NO_x of the exhaust (NO_x: 240-325 ppm, flow rate = 300 NL/min) can be continuously treated for 58 h. A system energy efficiency of 120 g (NO₂)/kWh is obtained.     

0801 Ni 催化剂上 CO 甲烷化反应机理研究

本文使用 TPD 和 TPR 方法对 CO 在载体镍催化剂上的吸附和脱附性质,以及进行甲烷化反应进行了研究.指出了在0801Ni 催化剂上 CO 甲烷化反应可能遵循的机理,并用数学优化方法求出了反应进行的活化能,进一步验证了所提机理的合理性.