Catalytic hydrothermal treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater using sub- and supercritical water reactions

Application of subcritical and supercritical water technology for destruction of pharmaceutical compounds (carbamazepine, metoprolol and sulfamethaxazole) was investigated. The experiments were conducted inside batch reactor at a temperature ranging from 473 to 773 K and with different residence times of 5 to 50 min. The results show that carbamazepine, metoprolol and sulfamethaxazole are destructed by 90.27%, 99.99% and 98.84% after a 20 min exposure to 623 K, 673 K and 573 K, respectively. In comparison with the conventional methods of pharmaceutical waste treatment, the current technology provides a higher destruction efficiency (approximately 90–100%) which is achievable in shorter durations. NaOH and CuSO₄·5H₂O were also applied as catalysts in the temperature range of 473 K to 723 K. Comparing these catalysts, CuSO₄·5H₂O demonstrates a higher destruction efficiency, especially at lower temperatures. Based on the proposed pathway, the products of destructioncan be classified as environmentally-friendly compounds. The results show that this technology can be used as a green alternative for efficient removal of pharmaceutical compounds from wastewater streams.     

柔性聚能切割技术在废旧防坦克地雷销毁中的应用

针对我国废旧地雷爆破器材的销毁方法存在环境污染、资源浪费等问题,研究柔性聚能切割器在不诱爆防坦克地雷内部装药的前提下,快速实现装药与外壳分离的方法。研究成果为实现我国防坦克地雷中的资源回收工作奠定了基础,同时对提高我军通用弹药的销毁和处置技术具有参考价值。     

弹性压簧断裂分析

采用金相分析和化学成分分析方法,对弹性压簧在性能测试时出现断裂进行了分析。结果表明:弹性压簧在受到交变单向平面弯曲载荷时,表面应力最大,疲劳破坏源从交变张应力最大的一边的表面开始形成,而弹性压簧表面质量较差、表面组织不好是导致其提前失效的主要原因。     

Destruction of shells and release of a protein from microcapsules consisting of non-biodegradable polyelectrolytes

Using fluorescent spectroscopy, we examined degradation of PAH/PSS microcapsule shells and release of a protein from them. The processes were controlled by various concentrations of NaCl and (NH₄)₂SO₄ and levels of pH: 5 and 7.4. We found that a high concentration of sodium chloride (2 М) causes essential dissociation of PAH from the upper shell layer and explained this by the layer loosening under the ionic strength. Using the optical spectroscopy, we determined amount of a microcapsule polyelectrolyte (PAH) and found that less than 20% of it can be released into 2М NaCl solution, and only 2% can be released into the water medium. Increase in solution pH up to 7.4 causes peeling of PAH too, however, temperature increase up to 37°С decreases this effect due to the structuring and compacting of the shell demonstrated by electron-microscopic studies. And finally we found that a scarce release of an encapsulated protein from the microcapsules does not depend on the presence of salts in the medium, their concentrations and a medium pH.     

Controlled Substrate Destruction Using Nanothermite

The experiments described in this paper look to further transient electronic device development by exploring the fracturing capabilities of aluminum copper (II) oxide and aluminum bismuth (III) oxide nanothermites. In particular, a quick, inexpensive test was developed that was able to characterize the substrate fracturing capability of these selectively deposited energetic materials. Using this test, aluminum bismuth (III) oxide nanothermite with near stoichiometric composition was shown to be an effective material for fracturing silicon wafers of two different thicknesses for the configuration considered. Nanothermites were deposited at various equivalence ratios, resulting in a range of damage, which enables material preparation in a given practical application to be based on the desired level of resultant fracturing. This data was subsequently compared with thrust measurements and gas shock formation in an effort to correlate thrust production to the severity of fracturing produced.     

爆炸物的销毁方法与组织实施

本文就被销毁爆炸物的特点、销毁方法及组织实施作些探讨,以供广大同行商榷。     

类土质边坡的基本特性的探讨

类土质边坡是由岩体风化而成的,保留或部分继承了原岩的结构面等其它岩体特征,稳定特性明显区别于均质土边坡及岩质边坡的边坡。类土质边坡坡体具有特殊的稳定特性、破坏方式和加固要求。由于类土质边坡的变形面复杂,仅以少数圆弧面不足以确定它沿那一条软弱面失稳,往往导致边坡垮塌事故。     

Applications of Ozone in Japan for Water and Wastewater Treatment

In Japan, ozone is used for potable water treatment, night soil and industrial wastewater treatment, and for offensive gas treatment at sewage and night soil treatment plants. This paper describes its implementation, and presents experimental findings of the combined ozone and ultraviolet radiation as a new ozone utilization technology.     

水分活度测量的可靠性研究

研究了目前通用的静态法和新近问世的动态法测定物料水分活度Aw的可靠性。对大量实物按原状不动测其Aw、破坏后测量及经不同程度破坏后测量。用动态法不破坏地多点测量物料的各部位、各颗粒的Aw,找出最大水分活度Awmax及总体平均水分活度Aw。由大量实测数据证实,物料经破坏后其Aw均有不同程度地上升,其上升之值与破坏程度有关,破坏程度大,上升值高。动态法可测出待测物料的Awmax值及其所在处;静态法测得的只是统计平均值。两者差异表达其可靠性,显然动态法精度高。     

Optimization Of Ozone Plants For Water Works In Switzerland

The disadvantage that chlorine as processing agent in the treatment of surface waters can lead to undesirable production of chlorinated hydrocarbon products, provided the impulse to involvement in alternate means of oxidation. This inevitably led the way to the means of oxidation used the most intensively in water treatment - ozone.

Extensive development work has been performed to optimize the dosage of ozone for water treatment. Potential users are kept informed on this technology through published data. Theory, however, is only one side of the problem, practical application quite another. Here technicians and engineers have been required to integrate oxidation and disinfection with ozone, into the technology for water treatment and to make this economic.

In Switzerland since the 1950s, more than 40 waterworks have been converted to ozone. The development and the experience that has been collected since the introduction of this technique is the subject of this paper, primarily in regard to cost development and cost economy through innovative engineering services for development, engineering and project execution.