电极材料对铝电解阴极过程研究的影响

电解铝工业中铝的析出发生在阴极上,研究铝析出反应的机理对实际工况有很好的指导意义。研究发现,炭电极上的Al、Na共沉积现象严重,致使循环伏安曲线上Al的析出峰被掩盖。因此人们试图用一些金属电极Ni、Pt、Au、Ta、Cu、W等来代替炭电极,但研究发现大部分金属电极都与Al反应生成合金,干扰了对真实电极过程的研究。只有W与Al的合金化作用较小,因此对冰晶石一氧化铝熔体的阴极电化学研究采用了W电极。而目前TiH2基可湿润阴极是极具发展前景的铝电解槽阴极材料,但这方面的研究还很不够,需做进一步的研究。     

CVD金刚石涂层刀具研究与应用前景

论述了CVD金刚石涂层硬质合金刀具的研究开发现状、存在的主要问题,重点介绍了硬质合金基体表面预处理方法及工艺。     

Surface morphology of sputtered NiTi-based shape memory alloy thin films

The effect of substrate condition and annealing treatment on the surface morphology of sputter-deposited NiTi-based thin films was studied by means of atomic force microscope. It is found that the surface of the film deposited at 450 °C on a (100) Si wafer is composed of large island groups, consisting of islands of 150–300 nm in diameter. Annealing treatment at 400 °C results in a more homogeneous distribution of the island size. However, for the film deposited at 450 °C on a (111) Si wafer, its surface consists of more homogeneous islands, being about 200–250 nm in diameter. For the film deposited at 450 °C on a SiO₂ buffer layer on top of the Si-substrate, the surface islands have ideal spherical shape. After annealed at 650 °C, the islands have grown to about 300 nm in width and 550 nm in length. The surface roughness of the deposited film is related not only to the island sizes but also to the island distributions.     

织物上电子束蒸发沉积镀膜的耐磨及抗紫外线性能

利用电子束蒸发沉积法在不同的织物表面形成镍铬金属膜,制备具有抗紫外线辐射功能的柔性材料。通过SEM、EDS观察以及图像处理技术,比较了纤维原料及织物成形方式对电子束蒸发沉积膜的耐磨稳定性影响,并进一步分析了镀膜工艺对耐磨稳定性及抗紫外线性能的影响。结果表明:使用电子束蒸发沉积法在纤维基底材料上可形成均匀的、金属外观的薄膜,并且涤纶针织结构有利于提高金属膜在纤维表面的耐磨稳定性;当溅射时间为20 min、溅射电子束流为280 m A时,金属薄膜与基底的结合牢度好,可经受2 000次以上的摩擦,当摩擦约2 500次时,其UPF值超过40,具有较优异的持久功能性。     

聚合电解质在纸浆纤维表面多层沉积的研究

根据层层沉积技术原理,研究了在带负电荷的纸浆纤维表面构筑多层沉积膜过程中Zeta电位的变化和影响纤维吸附聚合电解质的因素。结果表明:依靠阴离子和阳离子之间的静电引力作用,实现了纸浆纤维表面聚合电解质的多层沉积,当聚合电解质吸附量达到一定数值后,纤维表面的电性发生反转。在聚合电解质的多层沉积过程中,纸浆Zeta电位的变化,可以作为沉积过程的监测指标。沉积体系的离子强度和纸浆打浆度是影响聚合电解质吸附量的重要因素。     

CH4/CO2 reforming over La2NiO4 and 10%NiO/CeO2–La2O3 catalysts under the condition of supersonic jet expansion via cavity ring-down spectroscopic analysis

CH₄/CO₂ reforming over La₂NiO₄ and 10%NiO/CeO₂–La₂O₃ catalysts under the condition of supersonic jet expansion was studied via direct monitoring of the reactants and products using the sensitive technique of cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Vibration–rotational absorption lines of CH₄, H₂O, CO₂ and CO molecules were recorded in the near infrared spectral region. Our results indicated that La₂NiO₄ is superior to 10%NiO/CeO₂–La₂O₃ in performance. In addition, we observed enhanced reverse-water-gas-shift reaction at augmented reaction temperature. The formation of reaction intermediates was also investigated by means of time-of-flight mass spectrometry and there was the detection of CH_x⁺, OH⁺ and H⁺ species.     

Influence of composition of MgAl2O4 supported NiCeO2ZrO2 catalysts on coke formation and catalyst stability for dry reforming of methane

Dry reforming of methane was studied over Ni catalysts supported on γAl₂O₃, CeO₂, ZrO₂ and MgAl₂O₄ (670 °C, 1.5 bar, 16–20 l CH₄ ml_catalyst⁻¹ h⁻¹). It is shown that MgAl₂O₄ supported Ni catalysts promoted with both CeO₂ and ZrO₂ are promising catalysts for dry reforming of methane with carbon dioxide. Within a certain composition range, the simultaneous promotion with CeO₂ and ZrO₂ has great influence on the amount of coke and the catalyst service time. XRD analyses indicate that formation of crystalline Ce_xZr_1−xO₂ mixed oxide phases occurs on double promotion. In particular, incorporation of low amounts of Zr in the CeO₂ fluorite structure provides stable dry reforming catalysis. As shown with TPR, promotion leads to a higher reduced state of Ni. SEM, XRD and TPR analyses demonstrate that highly dispersed, doubly promoted Ni catalysts with a strong metal-support interaction are essential for stable dry reforming and suppression of the formation of carbon filaments.     

Multilayer membranes via layer-by-layer deposition of PDDA and DNA with Au nanoparticles as tags for DNA biosensing

A novel Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs)-based protocol for DNA hybridization detection based on assembly of alternating DNA and poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA) multilayer films by layer-by-layer (LBL) electrostatic adsorption has been studied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and UV-vis absorbance measurements were used to study the film assembly. All the results indicate that the uniform multilayer can be obtained on the polypyrrole (PPy) coated electrode surface and the hybridization reaction can be amplified by the layer-by-layer progress. The hybridization was detected by the reductive signal of Au-NPs and nonspecific adsorption was greatly eliminated by an unrelated DNA sequence to the target DNA. Under optimum conditions, a significant sensitivity enhancement had been obtained, and the detection limit was down to 3.20 × 10⁻¹⁴ M when 6 layers assembled. The DNA biosensor has good stability and reproducibility.     

Direct evidence of oxygen evolution from Li1+ x (Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1? x O2 at high potentials

Li_1+x (Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3)_1−x O₂ (NMC) oxides are among the most promising positive electrode materials for future lithium–ion batteries. A voltage “plateau” was observed on the first galvanostatic charging curve of NMC in the extended voltage region positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li⁺ for compounds with x > 0 (overlithiated compounds). Differences were observed in the cycling stability of the overlithiated and stoichiometric (x = 0) NMC oxides in this potential region. A differential plot of the charge vs. potential profile in the first cycle revealed that, for the overlithiated compounds, a large irreversible oxidative peak arises positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li⁺, while in the same potential region only a small peak due to the electrolyte oxidation is detected for the stoichiometric material. Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) was used to investigate the high voltage region for both compounds and experimental evidence for oxygen evolution was provided for the overlithiated compounds at potentials positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li⁺. No oxygen evolution was detected for the stoichiometric compound.     

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of arcjet-deposited cubic boron nitride

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy was employed to help determine the structure of boron nitride films grown by bias-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in a low-density supersonic arcjet flow. BN films containing 0.90% cubic boron nitride were analyzed by NEXAFS and compared with c-BN and h-BN reference spectra. The mainly cubic films have been shown previously to be nanocrystalline, which leads to the inability to obtain structural information from Raman scattering spectra. However, with NEXAFS, the nanocrystalline nature of the films does not strongly affect the structural interpretation. It is shown that films deposited with a bias of −75 V are primarily sp³ bonded. This high sp³ bonding character agrees with previous measrements based on infraredtransmission and reflectance spectroscopy, as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.