Physical dispersion state and fluorescent property of Eu-complex in the Eu-complex/silicon rubber composites

The fluorescent complex Eu(TTA)2(Phen)(MA) (HTTA=2-Thenoyltdfluoroacetone, Phen=l,10-phenanthroline, MA=Maleic an-hydrider) was synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis, infrared spectrum (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction(XRD), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), and fluorescent measurement. To explore the effect of different physical disper-sion state of Eu-complex on the fluorescent property of the Eu-complex/silicon rubber composites, various quantities of Eu(TTA)2(phen) (MA) were mixed with silicon rubber (SIR) and peroxide to form uncured composites. These composites were vulcanized to obtain cured Eu-complex/SiR composites at 250 ℃, which was higher than the melting-point of Eu-complex. The SEM, XRD, DSC, and the fluorescent measurement of these composites showed that both the complex molecules dispersed in the silicon rubber during the melting process and the parent Eu-complex particles had positive effects on fluorescent property, whereas the re-crystallized Eu-complex particles and the ggregating complexes formed during the melting-process had negative effects on fluorescent property. For the uncured composites, their fluorescent intensities almost did not change with the increasing amount of Eu-complex. Furthermore, for the composites with small content of Eu-complex, their fluorescent intensities decreased significantly after curing, and this difference in fluorescent intensity became smaller as the content of Eu-complex increases.     

玻璃纤维增强材料在土木工程结构中的应用

本文综述了玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）的物理力学性能,及其在土木工程各类结构中的多种应用形式,基于许多国内外的工程实例分析了各种应用形式从理论到工程实践的可行性,供科研、设计和GFRP产品管理、开发人员参考。     

新型墙材（加气砼砌块、水泥砼空心砌块）填充墙开裂的机理分析和防渗裂措施

本文针对新型墙材墙体开裂机理,提出从材料供应到施工的防裂措施。     

水导激光微细加工中激光与水束光纤耦合技术

为了保证水导激光微细加工中会聚激光与水束光纤的耦合效果,建立了高精度的耦合对准系统,提出了新的耦合对准方法,研制了特殊结构的耦合装置。由于激光要经过空气层、玻璃层、水层进入水束光纤,因此根据计算结果,采用特殊方法来确定会聚透镜与水束光纤起始端(喷嘴孔)的距离;研究了激光在水束光纤中发生全反射的最大入射角;通过流体动力学仿真,设计了腔内流场分布均匀的耦合装置,保证了直径0.12mm的水束光纤的高耦合品质;研究了激光能量在水束光纤中的衰减,采用特定波长、脉冲能量的激光和特殊过滤的去离子水来减小激光能量在水束光纤中耦合的损耗率。试验结果表明,能生成导光长度超过100mm的水束光纤;采用该耦合技术能够在0.2mm厚的硅基晶片上以2mm/s速度切割出缝宽0.12mm的均匀窄缝,几乎无裂纹、无热影响区。该耦合技术能够很好满足水导激光微细加工的要求。     

FRP包裹钢筋混凝土柱抗震加固的耐久性设计

虽然FRP材料已经越来越多地被采用在土木建设方面,但依然缺乏长期的耐久性试验数据,以及在结构水平上的明确的、长期劣化设计理论方法。针对一组试验数据,在材料水平上评定了FRP护套抗震计算的长期劣化标准。共测试了三种不同的系统,快速试验结果被用于材料长期性能的预测,以此分析在四种特殊工况下抗震加固的效果。显而易见,劣化的影响可用预期寿命对应的包裹厚度的增长值来表达。将结果与ACI-440的推荐值以及随时间变化的材料劣化模型结果进行比较,表明ACI的失效推荐值在考虑50年周期时有些保守。通过采用前面所提到的材料耐久性预测方法和FRP防护层厚度设计分析工具,不仅能够更好地对防护层厚度进行估算,而且可以对选择防护层厚度的主要控制机理进行评定。其中,防护层厚度随着暴露时间的长短而改变。快速试验的结果与自然露天测试结果的关系可以用一系列相关的系数来表达。     

Efficient Strengthening Technique to Increase the Flexural Resistance of Existing RC Slabs

Composite materials are being used with notable effectiveness to increase and upgrade the flexural load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) members. Near-surface mounted (NSM) is one of the most promising strengthening techniques, based on the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. According to NSM, the laminates are fixed with epoxy based adhesive into slits opened into the concrete cover on the tension face of the elements to strength. Laboratory tests have shown that the NSM technique is an adequate strengthening strategy to increase the flexural resistance of RC slabs. However, in RC slabs of low concrete strength, the increase of the flexural resistance that NSM can provide is limited by the maximum allowable compressive strain in the compressed part of the slab, in order to avoid concrete crushing. This restriction reduces the effectiveness of the strengthening, thus limiting the use of the NSM technique. A new thin layer of concrete bonded to the existing concrete at the compressed region is suitable to overcome this limitation. Volumetric contraction due to shrinkage and thermal effects can induce uncontrolled cracking in the concrete of this thin layer. Adding steel fibers to concrete [steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC)], the postcracking residual stress can be increased in order to prevent the formation of uncontrolled crack patterns. In the present work, the combined strengthening strategy, a SFRC overlay and NSM CFRP laminates, was applied to significantly increase the flexural resistance of existing RC slabs. Experimental results of four-point bending tests, carried out in unstrengthened and strengthened concrete slab strips, are presented and analyzed.     

Failure Analysis of FRP-Strengthened RC Beams

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) application is a very effective way to repair and strengthen structures that have become structurally inefficient over their life span. This paper investigates the applicability of existing models for the prediction of debonding failure in RC beams externally strengthened with FRP. It is very important to predict the limit at which FRP debonds from the beam in order to arrest premature failures. The existing models lack the thoroughness of bond predictability. This is mainly due to the development models on the basis of small amount of tested data. Hence, there is a need to compare the existing work to an extensive database of strengthened beams. Existing experimental work was collected from literature to create a database of 163 beams tested in three point and four point bending tests. Various models are applied to this database and behavior of each model is analyzed using statistical parameters and degree of uncertainty in prediction.     

Hybrid Bonding of FRP to Reinforced Concrete Structures

The adhesive attachment of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) laminate to the external face of reinforced concrete structures is currently one of the most popular and effective methods for retrofitting and strengthening concrete structures. With this method, the additional strength of the attached reinforcement is transmitted into the concrete members through adhesion. However, the relatively weak adhesive interface fundamentally limits the efficacy of the method. Much effort has been made in the research community to improve the bond strength and develop bond models, but a satisfactory solution has yet to be found. Mechanical fastening is another more traditional technology that is used to bond one material to another. This paper introduces a new hybrid bonding technique that combines adhesive bonding and a new type of mechanical fastening. The new mechanical fastening technique does not rely on bearing to transmit the interfacial shear, but instead increases the interfacial bond by resisting the separation of the FRP laminate from the concrete substrate. Experimental tests demonstrated that the bond strength with this new hybrid bonding technology was 7.5 times that of conventional adhesive bonding. Furthermore, the new bonding technique is applicable to all types of commercially available FRP laminate (fabric, sheet, plate, and strip), and in principle is also applicable to materials other than FRP.     

Modeling of Moisture Diffusion in FRP Strengthened Concrete Specimens

Modeling the movement and distribution of moisture in the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites strengthened concrete structure is important because the interfacial adhesion between FRP and concrete is susceptible to moisture attack. Using relative humidity as the global variable, the moisture diffusion governing equation was derived for the multilayered system in this study. The moisture diffusivity (diffusion coefficient) and the isotherm curve, which correlates the moisture content to environmental relative humidity, of each constitutive material (concrete, epoxy, and FRP) were experimentally determined. A multilinear diffusivity model was developed for concrete based on desorption test, and a linear diffusivity model was proposed for epoxy adhesive based on absorption test. A simple method was developed to directly measure the FRP/concrete interface region relative humidity (IRRH). Finite-element analysis was performed to study the moisture diffusion in the FRP-adhesive-concrete system. The IRRH values were obtained for different environmental relative humidity in the numerical study. The error between the experimental and numerical results of IRRH at test locations was less than 5% RH. The good agreement between experimental and numerical results indicates that the approach developed in this study worked well.     

Experimental Response of Externally Retrofitted Masonry Walls Subjected to Shear Loading

Recent earthquakes have produced extensive damage in a large number of existing masonry buildings, demonstrating the need for retrofitting masonry structures. Externally bonded carbon fiber is a retrofitting technique that has been used to increase the strength of reinforced concrete elements. Sixteen full-scale shear dominant clay brick masonry walls, six with wire-steel shear reinforcement, were retrofitted with two configurations of externally bonded carbon fiber strips and subjected to shear loading. The results of the experimental program showed that the strength of the walls could be increased 13–84%, whereas, their displacement capacity increased 51–146%. This paper presents an analysis of the experimental results and simple equations to estimate the cracking load and the maximum shear strength of clay brick masonry walls, retrofitted with carbon fiber.