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51.
Ingrid Martorell Francesc X Grau 《International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer》2003,46(13):2389-2402
The present work deals with the natural convection flow and heat transfer from a horizontal plate cooled from above. Experiments are carried out for rectangular plates having aspect ratios between φ=0.036 and 0.43 and Rayleigh numbers in the range 290?Raw?3.3×105. These values of Raw and φ have been selected below those commonly considered in previous research in view of a future application to the design of printed circuit boards. The plates are made of two different metals, copper and steel. The choice of a metal is relevant to the present problem because the plates are heated by means of an electric current. Important variations of the surface temperature are observed along the transverse direction for the steel plates. The surface of the copper plates is almost isothermal because of the high thermal conductivity of the metal.Calculations for a semi-infinite plate are carried out to predict the transverse profiles of the surface temperature and heat flux and to visualize the structure of the flow. Three-dimensional calculations are also used at a qualitative level to observe the changes in the flow structure due to the finite length of the plate. Present results are compared with both previous experimental work and analyses that are based on boundary layer theory. It is shown that analyses for an infinite boundary layer are not completely applicable to the present problem because of its different physics. The most relevant feature of the natural convection flow, which is not predicted by boundary layer analyses, is a thermal plume rising near the center of the plate.Present heat transfer results differ from previous experimental work because of the lower Rayleigh numbers and aspect ratios investigated here. The Nusselt number is found to depend on Rawn, with the exponent n=0.17 being lower than most of the values reported in the literature. This comparatively low value is related to the transverse conduction of heat through the air, which becomes increasingly significant as Raw approaches zero. It is shown that such a low-Raw effect can be accounted for in a physically consistent manner by adding a constant term to the heat transfer correlation. On the other hand, it is found that the Nusselt number does not significantly depend on the aspect ratio in the range of φ investigated contrary to what has been previously reported for wider plates. 相似文献
52.
房间空调器高效节能技术分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
周彬 《制冷与空调(北京)》2003,3(4):44-46
本文主要介绍了高效节能型空调器的优化设计,包括选用高效压缩机、增大换热面积,增大风量、管路的合理设计,旨在提高制冷量,降低功耗,提高能效比。 相似文献
53.
Maisto Stephen A.; Chung Tammy A.; Cornelius Jack R.; Martin Christopher S. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2003,17(2):98
This study investigated the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES: W. R. Miller & J. S. Tonigan, 1996) in adolescents presenting for treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The participants were 80 males and 43 females (mean age=16.8 years) who presented for AUD treatment (95.1% outpatient, 4.9% inpatient). Participants completed assessments at baseline and 1 year and provided information on alcohol use and related variables monthly between these 2 assessments. Principal-components and confirmatory factor analyses of the baseline SOCRATES identified 2 factors, Taking Steps and Recognition, which showed good internal consistency and concurrent and predictive evidence of validity. The results were interpreted as supporting the use of the SOCRATES with clinical samples of adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
54.
本文分析了锌基合金模具制造及使用过程中容易出现热裂、翘曲、收缩的问题,并提出了解决这些问题的措施。 相似文献
55.
分析了百万吨级乙烯冷箱的设计难点和采取的对策,介绍杭氧设计、制造的乙烯冷箱的技术参数和设计方案,与国外公司设计方案的比较,说明杭氧乙烯冷箱的设计、制造技术与世界先进水平的差距大大缩小。 相似文献
56.
Susil K. Putatunda 《Materials and Manufacturing Processes》2003,18(4):667-684
An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of microstructure on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth behavior of an austempered high-carbon (1.00%), high-silicon (3.00%), and high-manganese (2.00%) cast steel. Compact tension specimens were prepared from this cast steel as per American Society for Testing Materials standard E-399 and were given four different heat treatments to produce different microstructures. The SCC behavior of these specimens was studied in 3.5% NaCl solution. The test results indicate the KISCCvalue of the material increases as the austenite content increases. Significant improvement in SCC resistance was achieved by using a novel two-step austempering process. Intergranular crack growth was observed in all these specimens. 相似文献
57.
Despite its energetic interest, the use of microwaves for the thawing or temperage of food products presents a major drawback called thermal runaway. This is mainly due to the important gap between the dielectric properties of water in solid and liquid phases. A monitoring approach of the temperatures inside a foodstuff during microwave defrosting is therefore proposed to, in a first step, detect the critical phenomena of thermal runaway, and, in further work, to control it. An observer allowing to estimate the internal temperatures from the temperature of the surface has been developed. An Extended Kalman Filter, because of its simplicity of design, has been chosen, but this choice is not exclusive. The heat transfer with phase change and microwave effects is represented by a nonlinear distributed parameters system, and the observer is based on a standard finite volume scheme. The approach is experimentally carried out and validated during the defrosting of a block of tylose. 相似文献
58.
One method to reduce fouling is to extend the induction time by a defined modification of the interfacial interactions between the heat transfer surface and the crystalline deposit. Since these interactions are a result of both molecular and mechanical forces, two approaches for fouling mitigation have been developed: (a) Modification of the energy related properties of the heat transfer surface and (b) Modification of the geometry related properties of the heat transfer surface. 相似文献
59.
60.
In the last rice harvest season, experimental results have been obtained on the efficiency and drying quality of a solar assisted heat pump drying prototype system. The system has been operated as a solar and heat pump system and drying curves for the different options have been obtained. The advantage of the low temperature and better control in the drier shows that the heat pump assisted solar drying system is an excellent alternative to traditional drying systems. 相似文献