Preparation and sintering of nano Fe coated Si3N4 composite powders

Fe/Si₃N₄ composite powder was synthesized by the heterogeneous precipitation-thermal reduction process, and then pressed into flakes under a pressure of 10 MPa. Flakes were sintered by pressureless and hot-pressing at 1 600 °C under 0.1 MPa N₂. The chemical composition, phases and microstructure of composite powder and sintered flakes were investigated by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the structure of composite powders is Si₃N₄ coated by nano Fe. The crystal phases of sintered flakes by pressureless are Fe(Si) compound, SiC and Si₃N₄. The crystal phases of the sintered samples by hot-pressing are Fe, Fe(Si) compound and Si₃N₄. It is found that crystal phases flakes obtained by pressureless and hot-pressing are very different. Foundation item: Project(50804016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

ENSO事件对松花江流域夏季降水的影响

对1951—2000年的ENSO事件对松花江流域夏季(6—8月)降水的影响进行了分析,结果显示:赤道中东太平洋海温异常与松花江流域夏季降水有很好的相关性,特别是ENSO事件出现后,El Nino事件影响年通常对应于松花江流域夏季降水偏多,La Nina事件影响年松花江流域夏季降水则较常年偏少,且二者通过了置信度α=0.05的显著性检验.这种相关性可用于进行松花江流域夏季降水的预测.     

Synthesis of Polycrystalline Yb:Gd_3Ga_5O_(12) Nanopowders by Homogeneous Precipitation Method

The Ytterbium doped gadolinium gallium garnet [Yb3+:Gd3Ga5O12, Yb:GGG] precursor powders were synthesized via homogeneous precipitation method using Yb2O3, Ga2O3, Gd2O3 and ammonium bicarbonate [NH4HCO3] as precipitator, and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] as additive. The evolution of phase composition and micro-structure of the powders were characterized by TG- DTA, XRD, IR, and TEM. The results indicate that all precursor powders completely transform to Yb:GGG phase by calcining at 900 ℃ for 8 h, the resultant powders are well dispersed and have smaller particle size approximately 80 nm owing to the electrostatic effect.     

Nanostructured CeO2 microspheres synthesized by a novel surfactant-free emulsion

Nanostructured CeO₂ microspheres with an average diameter of 11 μm were prepared by a novel surfactant-free emulsion for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) measurements were used to characterize the products. The images of SEM showed that the CeO₂ microspheres consisted of petal-like nanostructures with petal thickness in a range of 60 nm to 100 nm. The BET measurements showed the specific surface area of the CeO₂ microspheres exceeded 43 m²/g. The XRD analysis indicated the nanostructured CeO₂ microspheres were of cubic lattice. A possible mechanism of an interfacial precipitation reaction with the droplets of solid-stabilized emulsion as templates was proposed.     

南水北调东线调水区及受水区降水径流变化特征

为给南水北调工程规划与运行提供科学依据,基于比《南水北调工程总体规划》制定水平年更加完整的水文观测数据识别2001年以来工程区降水、径流变化特征,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、小波分析等方法分析了比较期(2001—2016年)相对于基准期(1956—2000年)的降水、径流统计特性差异和变化特征。结果表明：相对于基准期,比较期调水区降水量变化不明显,长江大通水文站天然径流量下降3.5%,调水区水资源条件较为稳定;比较期受水区降水量较基准期基本无变化,天然径流量较基准期上升3.9%,但山东省、河北省和天津市受水区天然径流量下降6.6%,3省市天然径流量呈明显衰减态势。     

1951—2013年周口地区降水时空变化特征研究

为了研究区域降水的时空演变规律,根据周口地区28个雨量站1951—2013年的月降水量实测资料,利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析法、Mann-Kendall检验法及Morlet小波分析法,分析了周口地区63年来降水的空间分布、时间系数变化特征和时间序列的趋势性、突变性及周期性。结果表明,周口地区降水的空间分布有3种模式:全市丰(枯)一致型、南丰(枯)北枯(丰)型和东丰(枯)西枯(丰)型,其中全市丰(枯)一致型为周口地区降水的主要分布模式,其中1966年的全市降水偏枯和2003年的全市降水偏丰最为典型;周口地区降水量由东南向西北逐渐减小,各站点降水趋势变化不一,西南部呈下降趋势,中北部呈上升趋势,降水总体呈下降趋势;区域整体降水在1997年发生了突变,整体降水周期性变化明显,存在时间尺度为21 a的变化周期。研究结果可为周口地区的农业生产以及旱涝预警和减灾防灾提供理论支撑。     

张家口市年降水量的加权马尔科夫链预测

根据张家口市1970~2010年的年降水量系列对2011年、2012年的年降水量状态进行加权马尔科夫链预测,再结合模糊集理论中的级别特征值对2011年、2012年的年降水量数值进行预测,与实际年降水量相比,相对误差仅为5%和-3.5%,预测成果合理可靠,结果较为令人满意。     

Numerical Simulation of Internal Oxidation of Steels during Annealing Treatments

This paper presents a new model for simultaneous diffusion and precipitation of chemical elements in metallic matrices, a scheme for its numerical solution, and several applications to problems of internal oxidation. The model basically stands as an extension of the classical Wagner model for internal oxidation of steels, but is more much general in that it allows for an arbitrary number of diffusing chemical elements, an arbitrary number of precipitate phases with arbitrary compositions, dependence of diffusion coefficients and solubility products upon (time-dependent) temperature, etc., thus allowing for a much broader range of applications. As a counterpart, it is generally impossible to solve the complex, non-linear equations of the model analytically, but this can be done numerically. The simple but efficient numerical scheme proposed is based on explicit 1D finite differences. Experience has shown that this scheme, in spite of its rusticity and the restrictions it imposes on the time-step, is more efficient than more elaborate strategies based on the finite-element method. The applications presented are concerned with internal oxidation of steels during annealing processes. The model and associated numerical scheme allow for evaluation of the amounts of the various oxide precipitates in the external layer of the sheet. This opens the way, through numerical parametric studies of the influence of the process parameters and the chemical composition, to the improvement of existing treatments and the development of new steel grades.     

Dry and clean age hardening of aluminum alloys by high-pressure gas quenching

When precipitation-hardenable aluminum parts are water quenched, distortion occurs due to thermal stresses. Thereby, a costly reworking is necessary, and for this reason polymer quenchants are often used to reduce distortion, with the disadvantage that the quenched parts have to be cleaned after quenching. In opposition to liquid quenchants, gas quenching may decrease distortion due to the better temperature uniformity during quenching. Furthermore, cleaning of the quenched parts can be avoided because it is a dry process. For this purpose, a heat-treating process was evaluated that included a high-pressure gasquenching step. Gas quenching was applied to different aluminum alloys (i.e., 2024, 6013, 7075, and A357.0), and tensile tests have been carried out to determine the mechanical properties after solution annealing, gas quenching, and aging. Besides high-pressure gas quenching, alloy 2024 was quenched at ambient pressure in a gas nozzle field. The high velocity at the gas outlet leads to an accelerated cooling of the aluminum alloy in this case. Aluminum castings and forgings can be classified as an interesting field of application of these quenching methods due to their near-net shape before the heat treatment. Cost savings would be possible due to the reduced distortion, and therefore, less reworking after the precipitation hardening.     

V、N、Nb微合金化对薄板坯连轧带钢组织和性能的影响

在试验室模拟薄板坯连铸连轧过程，板坯均热后被轧制到7mm厚并通过控冷来模拟辊道冷却和带钢的缓慢卷取过程。本文选用低碳钢，研究了V、N、Nb微合金化对其组织和性能的影响。通过试验证明在V-N钢中加入Nb对钢的强化机制有较大影响，使V-N-Nb钢中的析出强化增大，这表明V-N-Nb微合金化可充分地发挥微合金元素在钢中的析出强化作用，析出强化对屈服强度的贡献比V-N微合金化提高17MPa。