水介质爆破拆除地下桩体的实践

介绍了地下钢筋混凝土桩体的控制爆破方法,以及在钻孔设备及外界约束较特殊的情况下,钻孔、装药及起爆等方面的注意事项。     

Design of experiments (DOE) technique for microwave/millimeter wave flip‐chip optimization

We present a design of experiments (DOE) technique for microwave/millimeter wave flip‐chip characterization and optimization. Two optimization approaches, signal bump misalignment and transmission line compensation, are combined together for optimal performance for high frequency operation. First, the design of experiments method is presented and its advantages are emphasized. Then, the two techniques are combined together in a factorial experiment with the purpose of optimizing the return loss to any desired frequency. The experiment is based on test structure fabrication and measurements. The one‐factor‐at‐a‐time strategy shows that return loss performance is increased with the misalignment values and decreased with compensation for the frequency range of interest. However, the statistical analysis revealed that the optimal performance is achieved for maximum compensation, and minimum misalignment. The optimal structure is measured from 1 to 75 GHz and shows return loss better than 17 dB. The method can be extended to include more optimization factors in different analysis intervals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of gray correlation analysis and artificial neural network in rock mass blasting

Studied forecasting and controlling the blasting fragmentation by using artificial neural network for multi-ingredients. At the same time, according to the characteristic of multi-parameters input to network model, the gray correlation theory was employed to find out key factors, which can not only save time of computation and parameters input, but improve the stability of the model.     

Investigation and mapping of toxic fumes produced by detonation of ANFO explosives in underground space

Post-blast fumes are hazardous and known to cause severe health related issues of workers. Further, these harmful gases have a significant impact on the surrounding environment. Thus, it is imperative to have an in-depth understanding of the real time detonation fume generation in underground space to avoid hazardous health risk of the worker. In this context, the mapping of toxic fume concentrations generated by the detonation of ANFO explosives in the actual field is a fascinating area of research that has a great environmental impact. This article examined the real-time analysis of toxic fumes generated by ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) explosives at various locations of a metalliferous underground mine. Furthermore, detonation parameters of various ANFO explosive compositions were also studied at the mining site. On-site blasting studies were performed with ANFO explosives, and post-detonation fume measurements enabled us to map the CO and NO_x concentrations in underground spaces. Toxic fumes like CO and NO_x were analyzed before and after each blasting operation at different intervals, and found within the allowed limit as per the Directorate General of Mines Safety guidelines. Additionally, an empirical correlation has been established to evaluate the maximum detonation velocity based on the alteration of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil composition.     

Optimization of electrically conductive films: Poly(3-methylthiophene) or polypyrrole in Kapton

A method to generate conductive films composed of small amounts of conductive polymer absorbed into the surface of polyimide films has been optimized. Both pyrrole (PY) and 3-methylthiophene (3MT) were evaluated as precursors for the conductive phase. Predictive models were empirically derived for each precursor to describe the effects of polymerization variables on the conductivity of the films. The variables studied were found to be highly synergistic. An optimum set of conditions was found for each conductive polymer that produces the highest conductivity. Using p-3MT as the conductive phase, films with conductivity as high as 5.7 Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹ can be produced, an improvement of four orders of magnitude over previously reported results with Kapton as a base polymer. The highest conductivity achieved using p-PY as the conductive phase was 0.041 Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹, still a two order of magnitude improvement over previously reported results. Mean mechanical properties of the 3MT-treated films were not significantly lower than that for untreated Kapton. The conductivities of p-3MT/Kapton films tested over time under ambient temperature in air persist fairly well for 300 days. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 821–834, 1997     

A design of experiments study on the factors affecting variability in the melt index measurement

Melt index (MI) is universally accepted as the primary specification in the thermoplastics industry. The standard according to which the MI measurement is made is ASTM D-1238. However, some variation in the MI measurement is possible, even when all ASTM D-1238 specifications are met. A thorough understanding of the sources and magnitude of variation is essential, since measurement error can have significant economic implications. Error in the MI measurement can cause a resin lot (about 190,000 pounds) to be erroneously classified as off-spec (leading to a loss of over US $20,000). A Resolution IV, six-factor, 1/4 fractional factorial design of experiments (DOE) study [with three replicates] was done to quantify the effect of various factors affecting variability in the MI measurement using two high-density polyethylene monitor resins with MI of 1.91 g/10 min (“low” MI) and 36.4 g/10 min (“high” MI). A major challenge was dealing with qualitative (e.g., “cleanliness”) and quantitative (e.g., “sample mass” or “temperature”) factors in the same DOE. For the high MI monitor, among the factors considered, the most significant (for the ranges considered) were found to be (in the order of importance): die orifice diameter, temperature, die cleanliness, barrel cleanliness, and sample mass. The following factors were also considered but not found (in the ranges considered) to be as significant: piston land (tip) diameter, load, piston cleanliness, preheat time, and piston curvature. For the low MI monitor, among the factors considered, the two most significant (for the ranges considered) were temperature and barrel cleanliness. This article gives practical and useful information for those who make and/or use MI measurements. As others have pointed out, much of such discussion related to melt indexers is also applicable to more sophisticated capillary rheometers. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:277–288, 1997     

Flow boiling and condensation of tetrary refrigerant mixtures inside water/refrigerant enhanced surface tubing

This work presents the results of an experimental study concerning the heat transfer characteristics of two-phase flow condensation and boiling of tetrary (R-32/R-125/R143a/R134a) refrigerant mixtures inside water/refrigerant horizontal enhanced surface tubing. Heat transfer characteristics such as average heat transfer coefficients, as well as pressure drops of the tetrary refrigerant mixtures, have been predicted and compared with other mixtures during flow condensation and boiling inside enhanced surface tubing. It was found that the tetrary refrigerant blend has higher transfer coefficients than R-502, and the lowest pressure drop among the refrigerants studied. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of the material properties of a tub on its top load strength

Every time a new package is being developed similar problems have to be faced. These problems involve material and supplier choice, pack requirements, manufacturing performance of the pack, etc. This paper describes a study of the influence of material properties on the top load strength of a tub for frozen products. Additionally, several numerical simulations have been carried out in order to find general guidelines for new packaging developments. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparing the reinforcement capacity of welded steel mesh and a thin spray-on liner using large scale laboratory tests

Steel mesh is used as a passive skin confinement medium to supplement the active support provided by rock bolts for roof and rib control in underground coal mines. Thin spray-on liners (TSL) are believed to have the potential to take the place of steel mesh as the skin confinement medium in underground mines. To confirm this belief, large scale laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the behaviour of welded steel mesh and a TSL, when used in conjunction with rock bolts, in reinforcing strata with weak bedding planes and strata prone to guttering, two common rock conditions which exist in coal mines. It was found that while the peak load taken by the simulated rock mass with weak bedding planes acting as the control sample (no skin confinement) was 2494 kN, the corresponding value of the sample with 5 mm thick TSL reinforcement reached 2856 kN. The peak load of the steel mesh reinforced sample was only 2321 kN, but this was attributed to the fact that one of the rock bolts broke during the test. The TSL reinforced sample had a similar post-yield behaviour as the steel mesh reinforced one. The results of the large scale guttering test indicated that a TSL is better than steel mesh in restricting rock movement and thus inhibiting the formation of gutters in the roof.