基于碳纳米管宏观膜的高比容量及高电化学稳定性钛酸锂负极

通过对预先将钛酸锂(Li₄Ti₅O₁₂,LTO)材料组装的电池进行预充电脱锂(活化)的方式改变其结构,增强嵌锂能力,制备出高比容量Li₄Ti₅O₁₂;然后以CMF(碳纳米管宏观膜)为集流体,替代金属箔集流体改善活性物质与集流体的结合界面,提高其电化学稳定性,最终得到具有高比容量及高稳定性的LTO电极。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电化学测试等表征技术进行表征。结果表明：经过预脱锂活化后的LTO可容纳锂离子的空位增加,晶面间距发生显著的增大,经测试其在1C倍率能发挥192.7 mAh/g的比容量,比正常的Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料提高约30 mAh/g;引入的CMF集流体能增强与活性材料的结合力,减小其在大电流下产生的接触阻抗,使其在5C倍率下仍具有150 mAh/g的比容量,表现出优异的倍率性能。     

Development of a continuous electrolytic system with discharging only one pH-controlled stream and its characteristics

In order to produce only a pH-controlled solution without discharging any unused solution, this work has developed a continuous electrolytic system with an ion exchange membrane-equipped electrolyzer and a tank, called as a pH-adjustment reservoir, placed just in front of the electrolyzer, where as a target solution was fed into the pH-adjustment reservoir, a portion of the solution in the pH-adjustment reservoir was circulated through the cathodic or anodic chamber of the electrolyzer depending on the type of the ion exchange membrane used, and another portion of the solution in the pH-adjustment reservoir was discharged from the electrolytic system through the opposite electrode chamber with its pH being controlled. The internal circulation of the pH-adjustment reservoir solution through the anodic chamber in the case of using a cation exchange membrane and that through the cathodic chamber in the case of using an anion exchange membrane could make the solution, discharged from the other counter chamber, effectively acidic and basic, respectively. The phenomena of the pH being controlled in the system could be explained by the electro-migration of the ion species in the solution through the ion exchange membrane under a cell potential difference between the anode and the cathode and its consequently-occurring non-charge equilibriums and the electrolytic water-split reactions in the anodic and cathodic chambers.     

Ammonium removal from digested sludge liquors using ion exchange

Liquors arising from the dewatering of digested sludge typically contain ammonium levels in the range 200-700mgl(-1) NH(4)(+)-N. These liquors are frequently recycled to the head of the wastewater treatment works (WwTW) untreated and can constitute >25% of the total nitrogen load entering the works at inlet. This paper investigates the use of a clay-based material, MesoLite, as an ion exchange medium for ammonium removal from recycle streams. Pilot-scale studies performed at Didcot WwTW, part of the Thames Water wastewater treatment network, indicate that MesoLite is highly selective for the ammonium ion. Results show that >95% of ammonium was removed from belt press liquors with an initial ammonium nitrogen concentration >600mgl(-1), with an overall ion exchange capacity >51g NH(4)(+)-Nkg(-1) medium and this resulted in an operating capacity in the range 27-36gNH(4)(+)-Nkg(-1).     

钾离子通道的研究进展

离子通道是细胞膜上的一类特殊亲水性蛋白质微孔道,它通过残基侧链选择性与离子相互作用,发挥专一性通透屏障功能,K＋通道是离子通道中种类最多,存在最广泛且最复杂的一大类离子通道,与多种生命活动密切相关,因此钾离子通道的结构与功能研究是分子生物学的前沿热点。本文拟就钾离子通道的分类、分子结构和基因结构的研究进展做一综述。     

离子选择电极法测定溶液中Br~-的影响因素研究

本文通过大量的实验研究了用离子选择性电极测定溴离子的过程中,测量温度、标准液存放时间以及在有NO3-、CI-、CO32-和SO32-共同存在的情况下对测定溴离子的干扰情况。结果表明该方法适合测定Br-浓度级在1×10-1mol/L以下和干扰离子在1×10-2mol/L以下的混合液的测量。     

Liquid | liquid biphasic electrochemistry in ultra-turrax dispersed acetonitrile | aqueous electrolyte systems

Unstable acetonitrile | aqueous emulsions generated in situ with ultra-turrax agitation are investigated for applications in dual-phase electrochemistry. Three modes of operation for liquid | liquid aqueous-organic electrochemical processes are demonstrated with no intentionally added electrolyte in the organic phase based on (i) the formation of a water-soluble product in the aqueous phase in the presence of the organic phase, (ii) the formation of a product and ion transfer at the liquid | liquid-electrode triple phase boundary, and (iii) the formation of a water-insoluble product in the aqueous phase which then transfers into the organic phase.A three-electrode electrolysis cell with ultra-turrax agitator is employed and characterised for acetonitrile | aqueous 2 M NaCl two phase electrolyte. Three redox systems are employed in order to quantify the electrolysis cell performance. The one-electron reduction of Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺ in the aqueous phase is employed to determine the rate of mass transport towards the electrode surface and the effect of the presence of the acetonitrile phase. The one-electron oxidation of n-butylferrocene in acetonitrile is employed to study triple phase boundary processes. Finally, the one-electron reduction of cobalticenium cations in the aqueous phase is employed to demonstrate the product transfer from the electrode surface into the organic phase. Potential applications in biphasic electrosynthesis are discussed.     

饮用水中溴酸盐检测方法的研究进展

随着瓶装饮用水的大量使用,水中的消毒副产物—溴酸盐逐渐引起了人们的关注。溴酸盐具有潜在的致癌性,过量食用会损害人的血液、中枢神经和肾脏,为此,我国于2009年10月出台了饮用水中溴酸盐的限量标准。本文对溴酸盐的分析方法,特别是检测溴酸盐的离子色谱法及其前处理方法做了详细的介绍,旨在为从事这方面研究与检测人员提供参考。     

利用综合热分析仪研究纳米二氧化钛凝胶的热稳定性

以TiCl4为原料,分别以Cr(NO3)3、Fe(NO3)3和Al(NO3)3为掺杂剂,采用共沉淀制备了含不同掺杂剂和掺杂量的纳米二氧化钛凝胶,利用综合热分析仪(热重分析一差示扫描量热联用仪,简称DSC-TG)研究了纳米二氧化钛凝胶从30-1100℃热稳定性以及组分和物相的变化,XRD测定了二氧化钛凝胶在煅烧过程中晶型转变。结果表明:含不同掺杂剂和不同掺杂量凝胶的DSC-TG曲线有很大的差别;Cr3+和Fe3+掺杂能促进金红石相的形成,Al3+掺杂有利于锐钛矿相的稳定。     

3D Visualisation of PEMFC Electrode Structures Using FIB Nanotomography

It is well known that the electrode structure of a PEMFC has a huge influence on the water management and thereby on the cell performance. In this work, two MEAs – one prepared by an airbrushing technique and the other by a novel fast spray coating technique (multilayered MEA) – were analysed with respect to porosity, pore size distribution, tortuosity and their electrochemical performance. FIB nanotomography with following 3D reconstruction, SEM investigation on ultramicrotomic thin‐sections, and single cell tests were performed on these MEAs. The results show a higher porosity and lower pore size for the multilayered MEA. The multilayered MEA reaches a Pt utilisation of 1,962 mW mg^–1 and a peak power density of 210 mW cm^–2, whereas the airbrushed MEA only provides a Pt utilisation of 879 mW mg^–1 and a peak power density of 218 mW cm^–2. The Pt utilisation calculations showed in combination with the structural characterisations that a homogeneous pore structure and Pt distribution provide an advantage with regard to performance and efficiency of the PEMFC. Furthermore, the multilayered MEA may offer an advantage over the airbrushed MEA in its long term stability, which was observed in preliminary tests.     

A comparative study of ion exchange kinetics in zinc/lead-modified zeolite-clinoptilolite systems

The kinetics of zinc and lead ions removal by modified zeolite-clinoptilolite has been investigated. The rate of the ion exchange process for lead ions is faster than for zinc ions, as well as the time needed to reach the equilibrium. The ion exchange capacity of zeolite of lead ions is doubly higher than that of zinc ions. Diffusion models according to the Vermeulen's approximation, the parabolic diffusion model and the homogeneous diffusion model have been tested with the experimental data of ion exchange for zinc and lead. For both systems examined, the best fit of the models proposed with the experimental data was shown by the Vermeulen's approximation and the homogeneous diffusion model with t-->t(infinity). The diffusion coefficients are calculated from kinetic models of lead ions they are of the order of 10(-6)cm(2)/min, constant for all examined initial concentrations and not dependent on time. The diffusion coefficients in the system of zinc ions is of the order of 10(-8)cm(2)/min, also independent of initial concentrations, but decreasing with time from the beginning of ion exchange to the equilibrium.