燃煤汞形态分布和排放特性研究

概述了燃煤烟气中汞的形态(元素态,氧化态和颗粒态)分布规律,综述了烟气温度和组分、烟气中硫和氯元素、燃煤飞灰、除尘和脱硫设备对汞形态分布的影响规律。分析了煤气化和燃烧过程的气体产物中汞形态转化的条件,以及烟气中硫和氯元素对汞排放的影响。指出除尘和脱硫设备的应用能有效地促使元素汞向氧化汞的转化,并提高汞的脱除效率。     

用渗透系数推算单电解质二元无机水溶液的方法

本文提出了一种推算单电解质二元无机水溶液(火用)值的方法。其中,根据Pitzer普遍方程所得到的渗透系数公式和Gibbs—Duhem方程,推算出二元无机水溶液的化学值计算式,利用该计算式推导出NaCl、NH_4Cl和NaNo_3三种无机水溶液的化学与浓度的关系式,可方便地计算出不同浓度及溶液的化学,进而计算溶液     

城市污泥热解过程中重金属的形态转化模拟研究

利用重金属Cd,Cu,Zn和Pb的碳酸盐、可溶性盐（如硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氯化盐）或硫化物作为污泥中重金属的模拟化合物,在不同条件下对模拟化合物进行热解.通过对热解产物进行X-射线衍射分析,确定产物的组成,从而推断污泥热解时重金属的形态变化过程.结果表明：Cd的碳酸盐热解过程中向更加稳定的CdS发生转变;Cu的碳酸盐和硫化物生成Cu2S;Zn的离子交换态和Pb的碳酸盐与离子交换态热解之后均生成相应的氧化物和硫化物.     

不同污泥中5种重金属总量与形态分析

研究了吉化污水处理厂两个车间排放的污泥中Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd的含量及形态分布.研究结果表明:采自中和处理车间污泥样品中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd;采自污泥处理车间污泥样品中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb>Cd.污泥样品中Cu的含量最高,为8487.58 mg/kg;Cd的含量最低,为2.72 mg/kg.BCR形态分析结果表明,2种污泥中Cu主要以可氧化态和残渣态存在;Zn主要以可氧化态和可还原态存在;Cr主要以残渣态存在;Pb的形态分布较为均匀;Cd主要以可还原态存在.     

Brφnsted酸性离子液体在汽油烷基化脱硫中的应用

首次提出以BrФnsted酸性离子液体[BMIM]HSO4和H2SO4的复配体系作催化剂,用于汽油烷基化脱硫研究。研究结果表明,在相同反应条件下,相比硫酸,复配体系能够在最大限度不改变烯烃组成的情况下有效催化噻吩与烯烃进行烷基化反应;噻吩转化率随反应温度的增加而增加,但当温度超过45℃后,烯烃聚合速率增加幅度远大于噻吩转化幅度;噻吩转化率随反应时间的增加而增加,反应2h后反应基本达到平衡。     

Mosquito sound communication: are male swarms loud enough to attract females?

Given the unsurpassed sound sensitivity of mosquitoes among arthropods and the sound source power required for long-range hearing, we investigated the distance over which female mosquitoes detect species-specific cues in the sound of station-keeping mating swarms. A common misunderstanding, that mosquitoes cannot hear at long range because their hearing organs are ‘particle-velocity’ receptors, has clouded the fact that particle velocity is an intrinsic component of sound whatever the distance to the sound source. We exposed free-flying Anopheles coluzzii females to pre-recorded sounds of male An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. swarms over a range of natural sound levels. Sound levels tested were related to equivalent distances between the female and the swarm for a given number of males, enabling us to infer distances over which females might hear large male swarms. We show that females do not respond to swarm sound up to 48 dB sound pressure level (SPL) and that louder SPLs are not ecologically relevant for a swarm. Considering that swarms are the only mosquito sound source that would be loud enough to be heard at long range, we conclude that inter-mosquito acoustic communication is restricted to close-range pair interactions. We also showed that the sensitivity to sound in free-flying males is much enhanced compared to that of tethered ones.     

Ionic liquid assisted sonochemical synthesis of NiS submicron particles

A novel synthesis methodology is reported for the preparation of NiS submicron particles in a green solvent 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF₄) ionic liquid (IL), using ultrasonic sonochemical technique. Structural, morphological and optical properties of nickel sulfide powders were obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Composition was corroborated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), both in the SEM and in the TEM. Regular shape particles were obtained under high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation for 105 min from the reaction between nickel nitrate and thioacetamide in ethanol/BMImBF₄ (80:20), respectively. After vacuum annealing treatment at 180 °C overnight, spherical crystalline NiS particles were observed. The powders showed a band gap of 0.74 eV.     

Comparative study on the extraction of trivalent americium and europium by CMPO in imidazolium-based ionic liquids and dodecane

The extraction of Am³⁺ and Eu³⁺ by octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutyl carbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) in eight imidazolium-based ionic liquids and in n-dodecane was studied and compared. Slope analysis indicates that the ligand/metal ratio in the extracted complexes in ionic liquids is much larger than that in n-dodecane. Nitric acid has different impacts on the extraction, depending greatly on the nature of the ionic liquids. A mixed-extraction mechanism, namely cation exchange plus the formation of neutral complexes (solvation), was proposed for the extraction in the ionic liquid systems. In addition, temperature was found to have a remarkable influence on the extraction. Highly exothermic enthalpy changes were obtained for the extraction in ionic liquid systems. This work provides further insight into the particular role played by the unique properties of ionic liquids in the extraction of metal ions from nitric acid media.     

Theoretical insights into the interaction between RunPt13-n (n = 4, 7 and 9) clusters and [BMIM]+ based ionic liquids: Effect of anion

Density functional theory has been performed to systematically study the interactions between Ru_nPt_13-n (n = 4, 7 and 9) clusters and [BMIM]⁺ based ionic liquids. Ionic liquids [BMIM][Br], [BMIM][BF₄], [BMIM][PF₆], [BMIM][CF₃SO₃], and [BMIM][NTf₂] have different effects on the stability of Ru₇Pt₆. Ionic liquids with median size anions of PF₆⁻ and CF₃SO₃⁻ can better improve the stability of Ru₇Pt₆ than those with the small anions of Br⁻ and BF₄⁻ and large anion of NTf₂⁻. Based on negative relaxation energies, the stabilities of Ru₄Pt₉, Ru₇Pt₆, and Ru₉Pt₄ are all enhanced after interacting with [BMIM][CF₃SO₃]. The stability enhanced degree is in agreement with the interaction strength. For Ru₇Pt₆–n{[BMIM][CF₃SO₃]} (n = 1, 2, 3, 4), the interaction between ionic liquid and cluster plays the primary role in stabilizing the cluster in Ru₇Pt₆–[BMIM][CF₃SO₃]. With the increase of the number of [BMIM][CF₃SO₃], the role of the interaction in stabilizing the cluster is getting weaker, while the role of steric protection is getting more important.     

Anisotropy and thermal stability of hot-forged BICUTIVOX oxygen ion conducting ceramics

The oxygen ion conductivity of ultra dense, hot forged Bi₄(Me_xV_1−x)₂O₁₁ (BIMEVOX) ceramics is reported for the first time. A novel approach to electrode preparation, including laser trenching, was developed to perform 4-probe impedance spectroscopy and determine conductivity of small bar-shaped samples with high accuracy and precision. Hot forged (HF) Bi₄(Cu_0.05Ti_0.05V_0.90)₂O₁₁ (BICUTIVOX) ceramic, with modest preferred orientation (11%), exhibits anisotropy by a factor of 2 in its conductivity. Brick layer model (BLM) analysis of complex impedance plots reveals that the relative contribution of grains and grain boundaries to the total resistance is direction dependent, in the low temperature γ′ phase. The total ionic conductivity of BICUTIVOX, prepared either by hot-forging or conventional sintering, appears to be stable with thermal aging and cycling. Anisotropy in the thermal expansion of polycrystalline BIMEVOX ceramics is also reported.