Stratification behaviour in a chilled water storage tank

A large proportion of annual peak electrical demand on utilities of the Gulf countries goes to satisfy the air conditioning load. This high peak demand, reaching nearly 70%, can be offset by the use of well designed stratified chilled water storage having high extraction efficiencies to shift peak power demand of the chiller to non-peak periods of the day. This Paper gives the salient features and performance results of a 7.5 m³ stratified chilled water reservoir for an experimental facility for a cool storage assisted air conditioning system. The experimental results on the reservoir, which has the same set of inlet/outlet connections for simultaneously serving the air handler and the chiller circuits, show a very high extraction efficiency of nearly 90% while maintaining stratified zones of 6 and 12°C.     

Growth of calcium carbonate by the atomic layer chemical vapour deposition technique

Thin films of CaCO₃ (calcite) have been grown with the atomic layer chemical vapour deposition (ALCVD) technique, using Ca(thd)₂ (Hthd=2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptan-3,5-dione), CO₂, and ozone as precursors. Pulse parameters for the ALCVD-type growth are found and self-limiting reaction conditions are established between 200 and 400 °C. Calcium carbonate films have been deposited on soda-lime glass, Si(100), -Al₂O₃(001), -Al₂O₃(012), -SiO₂(001), and MgO(100) substrates. The observed textures were: in-plane oriented films with [100](001)CaCO₃ [100](001)Al₂O₃ and [100](001)CaCO₃[110](001)Al₂O₃ on -Al₂O₃(001), amorphous films on -Al₂O₃(012) when grown at 250 °C, and columnar oriented films on soda-lime glass, Si(001), -SiO₂(001), and MgO(100) substrates with (00l) and (104) parallel to the substrate plane at 250 and 350 °C, respectively. The film topography was studied by atomic force microscopy and AC impedance characteristics were measured on as-deposited films at room temperature. The films were found to be insulating with a dielectric constant (_r) typically approximately 8. Thin films of CaO were obtained by heat treatment of the carbonate films at 670 °C in a CO₂-free atmosphere, but the thermal decomposition led to a significant increase in surface roughness.     

Interaction of dissolved atoms and relaxation due to interstitial atoms in hcp metals

The literature data on the mechanism of internal friction maxima induced by O, N, and C in α-Ti, α-Zr, and α-Hf, are contradictory. They do not answer the question which kind of complexes induces relaxation: interstitial atoms or interstitial atoms with substitutional atoms. To clarify this question, modeling of the short-range order and atomic displacement fields around the solute atom clusters was carried out by the Monte-Carlo technique for typical Ti–O–Zr alloys. The energies of strain-induced (elastic) O–O and O–Zr interactions and displacement fields of host atoms around the solute atoms were calculated and used in modelling. The concentration dependence of relaxation strength due to diffusion under stress of oxygen atoms was evaluated using the values of local displacement around the solute atom complexes. It is shown that the developing short-range order cannot be described by the single O–O or O–Zr pair and the associated relaxation, as simple reorientation of any specific atomic pairs. It seems likely that in many cases the internal friction is caused by more complicated clusters constituted by interstitial and substitutional atoms.     

Design of experiments for stacking sequence optimizations with genetic algorithm using response surface approximation

This study describes a new method of experimental design to obtain a response surface of buckling load of laminated composites. Many evaluations for genetic algorithms for stacking sequence optimizations require high computational cost. That evaluation cost can be reduced by an approximation using a response surface. For a response surface for stacking sequence optimizations, lamination parameters are adopted as variables of the approximation function of the entire design space instead of ply angles for each ply. This study presents, proposes and investigates a new method of experimental design in detail. For most analytical tools, stacking sequences is demand as input data and lamination parameters cannot be applied directly to the tools. Therefore, the present study proposes and applies a new D-optimal set of laminates to the stacking sequence optimizations of the problem of maximization of buckling load of a composite cylinder. The new experimental design is a set of stacking sequences selected from candidate stacks using D-optimality. Consequently, the D-optimal set of laminates is shown to be effective for design of experiments of response surfaces for maximization of the buckling load of composite structures.     

面向球幕投影系统的几何校正方法

摘 要：用于飞行模拟的视景仿真系统，经常会以多台投影仪同步投影以得到较大范围的 视场角。当投影机斜对屏幕或者投影屏幕为曲面时，图像会发生几何失真。针对此问题，本文 提出了一种专门面向球幕投影系统的几何校正方法，并以一个三通道显示系统为实例，详述了 该方法的理论原理以及校正流程。实例结果表明，经几何校正后，各投影图像无几何畸变，通 道过渡处几何内容完全一致。该方法是一种纯软件方法，成本小而且操作简单，能够适应于不 同的投影场景。     

一种适用于大规模变量的并行遗传算法研究

当前MapReduce并行编程模型得到了广泛的应用.相对于传统的基于PVM或者MPI的并行编程方式,它在执行时间和处理问题规模等方面有明显优势.针对并行遗传算法的特点,提出基于MapReduce实现一种典型的并行遗传算法——粗粒度并行算法的方法,用以解决大规模变量问题.实验平台采用Hadoop,硬件条件为普通的服务器集群.在多目标优化问题测试中,当问题规模达到一定、处理变量数超过10E+7时,并行算法效率比串行提高数倍,并且能突破内存瓶颈.根据MapReduce自身特点调整其参数,改变并行程度,分析其对并行执行时间的影响.     

Synthesis and Tribological Behaviour of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Schiff Base Derivatives as Multifunctional Lubricant Additives

Six new 1,3,4-thiadiazole Schiff base derivatives were synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy and ~1H NMR spectrometry, and their anti-corrosion properties and thermal stability were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and copper strip corrosion test. The tribological behavior of the said Schiff base derivatives was evaluated on an Optimol SRV~?4 oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester. The worn surfaces of the steel discs were investigated using a scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDS). The test results indicated that these thiadiazole Schiff base derivatives possessed favourable thermal stability, corrosion inhibiting ability and the capability of improving the tribological characteristic of the base oil effectively. It is assumed that the adsorbed additives probably reacted with the steel surfaces during the friction process, resulting in the formation of a protective film composed of sulphates, sulphides and organic nitrogen compounds.     

变压器铁芯接地电流在线监测系统设计及其带电检测不确定度评定

摘要：在保持变压器铁芯接地电流在线监测系统硬件设施保持不变的前提下,研究一种该系统的算法升级策略。使用30个周期数据形成的多测点多列交叉神经网络支持的机器学习系统对该系统的接地电流进行测量,同时研究一种基于6倍标准误差率的检测不确定度标识方法,研究该系统算法升级策略的同时,分析不确定度的标识方法。技术革新后的变压器铁芯接地电流监测误差,小于±0.395%,可以基本满足对变压器铁芯接地电流的测量需求。且该算法可以排除实际测量中因为变压器内部、外部复合故障导致的接地电流产生机理差异性影响。同时,重点研究了对铁芯接地电流误差测量中的扩展不确定度测量方法确认问题,认为6倍标准偏差率作为扩展不确定度测量标度,可以满足该系统的测量误差标定需求。     

ERGONOMICS IN THE DESIGN OF A LARGE DIGITAL COMPUTER CONSOLE

Posture plays a fundamental role in the knowledge which the operator has of his work space and in the gauging of the actions he performs there. Seen in this light, posture is a means of constructing a spatial reference and a spatial reference in itself. Some results of experiments and others obtained at the workplaces show a relation between speed and precision required for the task and postural immobility. Postural immobilization for a period of several hours is poorly tolerated and has serious consequences: it explains the neck, shoulder and back pains frequently experienced in these situations. These consequences, combined with the constraints of speed and precision, make such jobs unsuitable for persons above a certain age.     

Physiological and subjective measures of workload when shovelling with a conventional and two-handled (‘levered’) shovel

Previous studies have suggested that the two-handled (levered) shovel is advantageous over the conventional spade from a biomechanical point of view. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether less energy was consumed while shovelling a load of sand with this shovel compared to a conventional tool. Accordingly, an experiment was designed in which subjects (n = 10) shovelled 1815 kg sand under laboratory conditions using either a conventional or a levered shovel. Heart rate and oxygen consumption were measured continuously during the trial and subjective data on perceived exertion, general fatigue and body discomfort were recorded after the trial. Although total energy expenditure was similar under both conditions (120±20 and 125±25 kcal; conventional versus two-handled spade), average heart rate was 4% higher when the two-handled &lt;. shovel was used (p<0 05). In addition, the mass of sand per scoop was 4% less &lt;. with the two-handled shovel (p<0 05). In conclusion, subjects used similar energy expenditure to shovel 1815 kg sand with the conventional shovel and the twohandled tool despite lower mass of sand per scoop with the latter. This can be explained by the fact that the increased mass of the additional handle compensated for the lower mass of sand per scoop. The higher average heart rate while shovelling with the two-handled shovel can be explained by the more erect posture.