Fractional-order load-frequency control of interconnected power systems using chaotic multi-objective optimization

Fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers are designed for load-frequency control (LFC) of two interconnected power systems. Conflicting time-domain design objectives are considered in a multi-objective optimization (MOO)-based design framework to design the gains and the fractional differ-integral orders of the FOPID controllers in the two areas. Here, we explore the effect of augmenting two different chaotic maps along with the uniform random number generator (RNG) in the popular MOO algorithm—the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Different measures of quality for MOO, e.g. hypervolume indicator, moment of inertia-based diversity metric, total Pareto spread, spacing metric, are adopted to select the best set of controller parameters from multiple runs of all the NSGA-II variants (i.e. nominal and chaotic versions). The chaotic versions of the NSGA-II algorithm are compared with the standard NSGA-II in terms of solution quality and computational time. In addition, the Pareto optimal fronts showing the trade-off between the two conflicting time domain design objectives are compared to show the advantage of using the FOPID controller over that with simple PID controller. The nature of fast/slow and high/low noise amplification effects of the FOPID structure or the four quadrant operation in the two inter-connected areas of the power system is also explored. A fuzzy logic-based method has been adopted next to select the best compromise solution from the best Pareto fronts corresponding to each MOO comparison criteria. The time-domain system responses are shown for the fuzzy best compromise solutions under nominal operating conditions. Comparative analysis on the merits and de-merits of each controller structure is reported then. A robustness analysis is also done for the PID and the FOPID controllers.     

Simulation based neuro-fuzzy hybrid intelligent PI control approach in four-area load frequency control of interconnected power system

This paper presents a novel control approach of hybrid neuro-fuzzy (HNF) for load frequency control (LFC) of four-area power system. The advantage of this controller is that it can handle the non-linearities, and at the same time it is faster than other existing controllers. The effectiveness of proposed controller in increasing the damping of local and inter area modes of oscillation is demonstrated in four area interconnected power system. Area-1 and area-2 consist of thermal reheat power plant whereas area-3 and area-4 consist of hydro power plant. Performance evaluation is carried out by using fuzzy, ANN, ANFIS and conventional PI and PID control approaches. The performances of the controllers are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink package. The result shows that intelligent HNF controller is having improved dynamic response and at the same time faster than ANN, fuzzy and conventional PI and PID controllers.     

消失模铸件夹杂缺陷的形成过程

消失模铸件中因涂料散落而造成夹杂类缺陷比较普遍.分析了夹杂缺陷在消失模铸造生产中的形成过程及其相应的条件,提出了克服此类缺陷的途径和建议.     

高频震实台在消失模铸造生产线上的应用

介绍消失模铸造工艺对震实台的要求,高性能的震实台在消失模铸造中的重要性,并介绍美国GK公司的HDCT型重型高频震实台基本组成、性能特点以及在消失模铸造生产线的应用情况.     

减少区域间扰动的LFC模糊监督控制器设计

在LFC控制中最典型的问题就是由于联络线上的功率流动无限制,电能的流向总是从频率高的区域流向频率低的区域,这就加重了频率高的区域的控制负担;再加上各区域控制动作的不协调,使扰动在不同的时间、不同幅值发生时,引起系统的调节过程的急剧恶化,甚至导致整个系统的不稳定。根据研究对象的特性以及调节对象的特点,文章提出一种基于模糊MAMDANI推理算法的模糊监督控制器,采用各个区域的频率偏差作为控制器的输人,考虑监督控制器作为一种前馈补偿,设计输出为一个ACE的倍数,用以加大或者减小控制器的动作量,来控制主汽门的开度,以求在有联络线相互干扰的条件下,系统能尽快的结束调节过程,进入稳定状态。经过实验仿真数据对比发现,提出的监督控制器能有效的提高系统的稳定性。     

The strength of coating in the lost foam casting process

The functions of the coating in the lost foam casting (LFC) process include developing the strength to support unbonded sand and providing permeable channels to permeate the decomposed expandable polystyrene pattern in-mould. The strengths of coatings developed at room temperature differ from those at a high temperature owing to the heat effect introduced by the filling metal. In this study, we examine the effect of shape and size of refractory particle, and type and added weight per cent of binder in the coating on the strength of the coating.

Experimental results indicate that for either a given particle size or a given wt% of a binder, the coating using flaky alumina and acrylic resin (binder B) develops the greatest strength at room temperature and the greatest hot strength. If a polyvinyl acetate (binder A) is used, the coating generally develops an inferior strength to that of acrylic resin (binder B). For a given resin used in the coating, angular silica used as the refractory particle decreases the strength of the coating at room temperature and its hot strength. In addition, pouring trials demonstrate that if alumina particles (74 μm, mesh No. 200) are added to the coating, the optimum wt% of acrylic resin is 0.25% to 1%. Those coatings produce sound and smooth grey iron plate castings, (5 mm in thickness). Moreover, the optimum wt% of acrylic resin is 0.25% for those producing sound and smooth thick plate castings, (20 mm in thickness).     

消失模铸造涂料性能测试新方法

针对消失模铸造涂料性能测试方法上存在的问题,提出了用同一装置和试样连续测试多项性能的新方法,开发研究出了消失模铸造涂料多性能综合测定装置。运用该装置初步研究表明,这种方法便于综合分析涂料的性能,具有较高的可靠性和灵敏度。     

Al-Ti和Al-Ti-C中间合金对消失模铸造AZ91镁合金显微组织的影响

A l-Ti和A l-Ti-C中间合金对消失模铸造AZ91镁合金组织的试验研究表明,与常用变质剂C2C l6相比,加入A l-Ti和A l-Ti-C中间合金对消失模铸造AZ91镁合金具有更好的组织细化效果和更高的力学性能,而加入A l-Ti-C中间合金的作用效果最佳。A l-Ti-C及A l-Ti中间合金的加入提高了共晶反应的离异化程度,晶界上的β相由连续网状变为不连续块状和孤立的粒状结构且分布均匀。A l-Ti-C中间合金对消失模铸造AZ91镁合金晶粒细化是其晶粒生长抑制作用和引入形核质点综合作用的结果。     

自动发电控制研究综述

随着能源危机和环境污染的问题越来越严重,以风电和光伏为代表的可再生能源被大规模地开发利用,电力系统运行稳定性也成为了国内外广泛关注的问题之一。文中阐述了自动发电控制(Automatic Generation Control, AGC)的控制原理和控制模式,讨论了负荷频率控制(Load Frequency Control, LFC)和经济调度控制(Economic Dispatch Control, EDC)策略的研究现状,通过分析各类方法的优缺点,指出了目前AGC研究存在的一些问题。针对这些问题,进一步阐述了动态AGC控制策略的研究情况,最后对未来AGC领域的发展方向进行了讨论。     

A Novel Modified Robust Load Frequency Control for Mass-Less Inertia Photovoltaics Penetrations via Hybrid PSO-WOA Approach

Abstract

The high penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs) leads to severe problems such as reducing system inertia and increasing the frequency deviations from the nominal value. The main target of this study is to enable modern photovoltaics (PVs) with large penetration amounts to participate effectively in the load frequency control in the interconnected power systems, in which frequency and tie-line power sharing deviations exist. In this research, a model for the solar PV is developed to help study the heavy penetration of the solar PVs within interconnected power systems. Secondly, a time domain objective function based on the norm of the area control error is formulated. Thirdly, in order to tune the PI controllers, a combined meta-heuristic algorithm based on particle swarm optimization and whale optimization algorithm (PSO-WOA) is developed and compared with the individual PSO and WOA controllers. From the studied scenarios, the developed combined scheme outperforms the other algorithms in terms of system performance indices. Therefore, the developed PSO-WOA approach is plausible and straightforward to solve many engineering problems as it benefits from the exploitation characteristics of the conventional PSO and the exploration features of the WOA.