Sugarcane residue management and grain legume crop effects on N dynamics,N losses and growth of sugarcane

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions farmers are being encouraged not to burn sugarcane residues. An experiment was set up in NE Thailand, where sugarcane residues of the last ratoon crop were either burned, surface mulched or incorporated and subsequently the field left fallow or planted to groundnut or soybean. The objectives of the current experiment were to evaluate the residual effects of these treatments during the following new sugarcane crop on (i) microbial and mineral N dynamics, (ii) performance of sugarcane and (iii) effectiveness of recycled legume residues compared to mineral N fertilizer on N use efficiencies, ¹⁵N recovery in the system and in soil particle size and density fractions (using ¹⁵N labelled legume residues and fertilizer). The millable cane and sugar yield were positively affected by sugarcane residue mulching and incorporation compared to burning suggesting microbial remobilization of previously immobilized N. Residual effects of legumes increased sugarcane tillering and yield (127 and 116 Mg ha⁻¹ for groundnut and soybean, respectively) compared to the fallow treatment without N fertilizer (112 Mg ha⁻¹). Soybean residues of higher C:N ratio (33:1) and lignin content (13%) compared to groundnut residues (21:1 C:N, 5% lignin) decomposed slower and improved N synchrony with cane N demand. This led to a better conservation of residue N in the system with proportionally less ¹⁵N losses (15–17%) compared to the large losses from groundnut residues (50–57%) or from mineral N fertilizer (50–63%). ¹⁵N recoveries in soil were larger from residues (41–80%) than from fertilizer (30%) at final harvest. Recycled legume residues were able to substitute basal fertilizer N application but not topdressing after 6 months.     

Colloidal Cu nanoparticles/chitosan composite film obtained by microwave heating for food package applications

In this paper, we describe the preparation and characterization of colloidal Cu nanoparticles/chitosan composite film (composite film) by solution-casting technique with microwave heating. Effects of the incorporation of colloidal Cu nanoparticles on structure, thermal behavior, surface, barrier properties and light transmission of composite film were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of films against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, were also tested. Incorporation of colloidal Cu nanoparticles on chitosan matrix improved the barrier properties of films, decreasing the oxygen permeability as well as water vapor permeability and increasing the protection against UV light. The composite film was effective in alteration of cell wall and reduction of microbial concentration in the liquid culture for both bacteria tested.     

Extrusion of silicon-rich AlMgSi alloys

As a part of on-going research on phase transformations during the deformation of light alloys, the effect of silicon excess on the extrudability and mechanical properties of the standard AlMgSi1 alloy within AA6082 alloy is investigated in this study. The AlMgSi1 alloy and three experimental aluminum alloys with a silicon content of 1.98%, 3.73% and 5.51% were direct-chilled cast into billets 95 mm in diameter, homogenized at 540 °C for 4 h and extruded into 12 mm diameter rods at different extrusion speeds. The results showed that an increase in the silicon content reduced the extrudability of the AlMgSi1 alloy by lowering the limiting extrusion speed. However, the extruded alloys with 3.73% and 5.51% silicon, generally characterized by a fine grained microstructure, exhibited higher strength levels compared with the 1.98% silicon alloy. Nonetheless, the mechanical properties of these alloys, in the T6 temper condition, were below those of the AlMgSi1 base alloy.     

Changes of fluorescent spectral features after successive rare earth doping of gadolinium oxide powders

We present a complex fluorescence study of a series of gadolinium oxide polycrystalline powders singly, doubly and triply doped with trivalent rare earth ions (Er³⁺, Tb³⁺, and Dy³⁺), to explore a possibility of their use as materials for white light emitting diodes. The excitation and luminescence spectra along with the decay kinetics were measured in the temperature range from 6 to 300 K. The luminescence efficiency was studied within the visible spectral range, i.e. −400 nm to 750 nm under excitation by 355 nm third harmonic Nd:YAG laser pulses. Singly doped Er³⁺ sample gave stronger luminescence signals, but others showed significantly larger decay lifetimes. The successive rare earths doping leads to substantial changes of the spectral positions due to the up-conversion processes. In the singly (Er³⁺) doped sample, following the time resolved spectrum and decay curves, there are two different types of emissions: at 660 nm and at shorter wavelengths (below 640 nm) the red emission's lifetime is ten times longer than at shorter wavelengths. The singly doped sample shows unclear temperature-dependence of luminescence with lifetime at 550 nm (the longest at 100 K, similarly at 6 K and 300 K) and achieved luminous efficacy 73.5 lm/W.     

乙二醇产品质量波动分析及处理

介绍了乙二醇产品质量的变化情况,分析了影响产品质量的原因,采取了有效的处理措施,取得了很好的效果。     

Highly effective P-modified HZSM-5 catalyst for the cracking of C4 alkanes to produce light olefins

A series of HZSM-5 zeolites modified by different amounts of phosphorus (P/HZSM-5) were prepared. The physicochemical features of P/HZSM-5 catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, BET, NH₃-TPD, FT-IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine, etc., and their performances for the catalytic cracking of the mixed C₄ alkanes to produce light olefins were investigated. The results indicated that phosphorus (P) modification not only modulated the amount of acidic sites and the percentage of weak acidic sites in total acidic sites, but also regulated the acid type, i.e., the ratio of L/B (Lewis acid/Brönsted acid). The introduction of P also altered the basic characteristics of HZSM-5 which was evidenced by CO₂-TPD analysis. Consequently, P modification with suitable amount was favorable for enhancing the selectivity to light olefins, especially to propene. At the temperature of 650 °C, the maximum yields of propene and ethene were achieved 25.6 and 33.9%, which were higher than those over parent HZSM-5 by 7 and 4.5%, respectively. Aromatics yield was found to be decreased with the increasing P loading due to the reduction of strong acid and the formation of new basic site which inhibited the hydrogen transfer reaction. All this indicates that P-modified HZSM-5 zeolites are effective catalysts for the cracking of mixed C₄ alkanes to produce more light olefins.     

Measurement of Activity Coefficients from Unsteady State Evaporation and Growth of Microdroplets

Techniques are presented for determination of activity coefficients of binary systems from unsteady state evaporation and growth of single microdroplets in controlled environments. A high-precision light scattering method based on resonances observed in light scattering by microdroplets was used to determine the size and composition of a microdroplet as functions of time. The techniques were validated through data on growth of glycerol microdroplets in slowly developing water vapor concentration fields and evaporation of microdroplets, containing volatile dimethylphthalate (DMP) and nonvolatile dioctylphthalate (DOP), in vapor-free atmospheres. When the water vapor concentration in the surrounding gas changes slowly a glycerol droplet maintains a dynamic equilibrium with the water vapor; thus the activity coefficient of water was determined from knowledge of the droplet composition and the water vapor saturation ratio in the gas phase. The activity coefficients of DMP were determined on the basis that the instantaneous evaporation rate of a DMP-DOP microdroplet in a vapor-free atmosphere is equal to the product of the activity of DMP and the evaporation rate of a pure DMP droplet. The activity coefficient values obtained from microdroplet experiments are highly reproducible and agree with data available in the literature.     

大型变压器线圈涡流损耗的有限元计算

采用线性轴对称正弦稳态场的有限元法对变压器线圈的涡流损耗进行了研究,并对实际产品进行了计算。编制了适用于任意计算场域的自动剖分程序,正弦稳态场的计算程序,涡流损耗的计算程序。     

〈Checking Method for Collecting Pollution Discharge Fee〉 Release

SEPAC recently releases 〈checking method for collecting pollution discharge fee〉 （hereinafter referred to briefly as Method）. It mainly normalizes the levy of discharge fee. The method regulates that SEPAC can withdraw the levy right of discharge fee if the following conditions occur： the discharge fee is not collected or less collected. Using the name of department such as so called ＂Charging Bureau＂ besides the environmental protection authority to collect discharge fee,     

高成熟阶段膏岩等盐类物质在烃源岩热解生烃过程中的催化作用

东营凹陷民丰地区沙四段是典型的盐湖相沉积,也是重要烃源灶和天然气产层。为了查明民丰地区深层天然气成因,采用高压釜封闭体系实验模拟了高成熟盐湖相烃源岩的天然气生成过程。实验结果表明：碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化盐对烃源岩热解生成天然气有强烈的催化作用,550℃时气态烃产率分别增加了35％、77％和46％。热模拟气与民丰天然气的C6轻烃组分比较发现,膏盐等盐类物质改变了气态烃产物中各单组分化合物的生成路径,影响了气态烃产物的组成。上述盐类物质参与的烃源岩热解过程所生气态烃的组成与民丰天然气最接近。这一结论对认识高成熟盐湖相天然气的生成过程及民丰地区天然气成因有重要意义。