双膜分离器的数学模型

建立了适用于双膜分离器的数学模型,并用实验数据验证了数学模型的可行性和合理性;对非对称膜渗透过程的数学计算模型作了进一步的探讨,指出在本实验范围内非对称膜的渗透行为与对称膜的渗透行为相近。     

Phase separation in polymer blends comprising copolymers: 6. Effect of molecular architecture of block copolymers

To study the effect of the molecular architecture of a copolymer on its miscibility with corresponding homopolymers a series of block copolymers of styrene and isoprene with diblock, triblock and four-arm star architectures have been prepared and the morphologies of the blends of the copolymers and polyisoprene with different molecular weights have been examined by electron microscopy. The results show that miscibility varies in the sequence diblock>triblock>four-arm star copolymers. This sequence is in the opposite direction to the variation of the architectural complexity of the block copolymers, i.e. the more complex is molecular architecture, the greater is conformation restriction in microdomain formation and the less is solubility of homopolymer in corresponding domains.     

Acceleration or retardation to crystallization if liquid-liquid phase separation occurs: Studies on a polyolefin blend by SAXS/WAXD, DSC and TEM

Blends of statistical copolymers containing ethylene/hexene (PEH) and ethylene/butene (PEB) exhibited the behavior of upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The interplay between the early and intermediate stage liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and crystallization of the PEH/PEB 50/50 blend was studied by time-resolved simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) techniques. Samples were treated by two different quench procedures: in single quench, the sample was directly quenched from 160 °C to isothermal crystallization temperature of 114 °C; while in double quench, the sample was firstly quenched to 130 °C for 20 min annealing, where LLPS occurred, and then to 114 °C. It was found that in the early stage of crystallization, the integrated values of Iq² and crystallinity, X_c, in the double quench procedure were consistently higher than those in the single quench procedure, which could be attributed to accelerated nucleation induced by enhanced concentration fluctuations and interfacial tension. In the late stage of crystallization, some morphological parameters were found to crossover and then reverse, which could be explained by retardation of lamellar growth due to phase separation formed during the double quench procedure. This phenomenon was also confirmed by DSC measurements in blends of different compositions at varying isothermal crystallization temperatures. The crystal lamellar thickness determined by SAXS showed a good agreement with TEM observation. Results indicated that the early stage LLPS in the PEH/PEB blend prior to crystallization indeed dictated the resulting lamellar structures, including the average size of lamellar stack and the stack distribution. There seemed to be little variation of lamellar thickness and long period between the two quenching procedures (i.e., single quench versus double quench).     

Encapsulation of titanium dioxide in styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer by miniemulsion polymerization

Miniemulsion copolymerization of styrene/n‐butyl acrylate was investigated as a means of encapsulating hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in a film‐forming polymer. Dispersion studies of the TiO₂ were first carried out to determine the choice of stabilizer, its concentration, and the dispersion process conditions for obtaining stable TiO₂ particles with minimum particle size. Through screening studies of various functional stabilizers and shelf‐life stability studies at both room and polymerization temperatures, Solsperse 32,000 was selected to give relatively small and stable TiO₂ particles at 1 wt % stabilizer and with 20–25 min sonification. The subsequent encapsulation of the dispersed TiO₂ particles in styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer (St/BA) via miniemulsion polymerization was carried out and compared with a control study using styrene monomer alone. The lattices resulting from the miniemulsion encapsulation polymerizations were characterized in terms of the encapsulation efficiencies (via density gradient column separations; DGC) and particle size (via dynamic light scattering). Encapsulation efficiencies revealed that complete encapsulation of all of the TiO₂ by all of the polymer was not achieved. The maximum encapsulation efficiencies were 79.1% TiO₂ inside 61.7% polystyrene and 63.6% TiO₂ inside 38.5% St/BA copolymer. As the density of the particles collected from the DGC increased from one layer to another, both the average particle size and the number of the TiO₂ particles contained in each latex particle increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3479–3486, 2006     

Preparation and modification of macroporous epoxy‐triethylenetetramine resin for preconcentration and removal of Hg(II) in aqueous solution

A novel macroporous resin was prepared from epoxy resin and triethylenetetramine through a polymerization with phase separation. In this experiment, the polyethylene glycol (PEG‐1000) plays a very important part. It was used as solvent, as phase‐separation reagent in the preparation processes, and as the pore‐forming reagent through removing PEG‐1000 from polymer by water‐cleaning process after completing polymerization. The prepared resin was modified by carbon bisulfide and soaked in 1 mol L^?1 NaOH. Its structure was characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. The adsorption characteristic of the chelating resin was studied by series of experiments. The results show that the chelating resin possesses excellent adsorption characteristic toward trace Hg(II). The recovery can come to 100% when the concentration of Hg(II) is only 0.05 ppm, and the average maximum adsorption capacity of the chelating resin for Hg(II) is 122 mg g^?1. The precision (relative standard deviation) for six replicate adsorbent extraction of 0.01 μg mL^?1 Hg(II) was 1.1%. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was verified by analyzing a standard reference material. Moreover, the chelating resin was applied to two natural samples and also got satisfactory results. That is to say, the chelating resin modified by carbon bisulfide exhibits a high chelating ability toward Hg(II) and can be used as adsorbent for preconcentration and removal of trace Hg(II) in aqueous solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:2372–2378, 2006     

Increase in the γ-linolenic acid content by solvent winterization of fungal oil extracted fromMortierella genus

The fungal oil extracted fromMortierella ramanniana var.angulispora (IFO 8187) was solvent winterized in order to raise the content of γ-linolenic acid (GLA). Effects of winterization conditions (solvent, oil concentration in the solvent and temperature) and changes of glyceride compositions were discussed. The fungal oil was separated into four diglycerides and 17 triglycerides (TG) with high performance liquid chromatography. The predominant species were POO, POP and LOP, whose contents were 24.4, 22.9 and 9.4% of the total TG, respectively. Ethanol at 4°C gave the highest GLA content of 10.5% in spite of lower yield than with acetone at −20°C. The highest separation efficiency for GLA (η_GLA) was 0.27 with acetone at −20°C and 10% oil concentration, resulting in 8.3% of GLA from the fungal oil at 5.7% LGA. In case of lower oil concentration at 5–20%, η_GLA showed higher in the following order: acetone (−20°C)>n-hexane (−20°C)>acetone (4°C)>petroleum ether (−20°C). The winterization process also proved to be effective for the separation of TG type, Sa₂U (Sa; saturated fatty acid; U, unsaturated fatty acid) into the crystallized fraction and SaU₂ into the liquid fraction. Acetone at −20°C showed higher separation efficiency for triunsaturated TG than the other solvents.     

免疫磁性微球的制备及对IgG的分离

采用反相悬浮包埋法制备SPA-Sepharose免疫磁性微球,并对产物的结构、粒径、磁性能进行了表征,所得产物粒径大约为5μm,表面包裹葡萄球菌蛋白A(Staphylococcal Protein A,简称SPA),分散性较好,具有超顺磁性。利用SPA对免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的特异性吸附反应及磁性微球的超顺磁性,从猪血清中分离IgG,试验结果表明:SPA免疫磁性微球对猪血清的最大吸附效率是70.12%,可反复使用29次。     

T-S模糊控制方法在生物流化床系统中的应用

针对生物流化床污水处理系统的非线性、时滞、时变等问题,提出采用T-S模糊控制方法,将复杂的非线性系统模糊化为局部线性模型,并引入积分环节,降低T-S模糊控制器维数,简化规则.最后,通过实验进行理论验证.实验结果表明,该方法可行且有效.     

中国石化武汉分公司低温热能的利用

介绍了中国石化武汉分公司低温热利用节能改造情况．利用催化裂化装置的顶循环油直接做气分塔底热源以及催化塔顶油气加热热媒水,取代原来的蒸汽加热,为气分装置提供塔底重沸器热源．通过能量的梯级利用,有效解决了全厂热源能级利用不合理的问题．项目投用后,节能效果显著,武汉分公司可以节约1．0MPa蒸汽184．8kt／a．     

Ca—Mg系复合凝聚剂富集分离造纸法烟草薄片废水处理及资源化研究

采用制备的Ca—Mg系复合凝聚剂,对造纸法烟草薄片废水进行高效固-液分离,以大大降低后续生化处理负荷。获得的污泥固体富含烟碱类物质而进一步提取,用于生物源杀虫剂的活性成份;提取后的污泥固体用作粉状杀虫剂的载附剂,完全达到资源化利用。采用该法单级分离COD去除率可达到70％-80％,具有一定实用价值。