高碳钢高温力学性能研究

在Gleeble-2000动态热模拟试验机上采用凝固法研究了高碳钢的高温力学性能.测定了tZD(零塑性温度)、tZS(零强度温度).在4×10-4/s应变速率条件下,所测钢种在熔点到750 ℃范围存在两个脆性温度区域,即熔点到1 300 ℃的第Ⅰ脆性温度区域和750～925 ℃的第Ⅲ脆性温度区域.在第Ⅲ脆性温度区域,γ单相AIN、NbN等氮化物在γ晶界的析出和在γ α两相区先共析α相呈网膜状,在γ晶界的析出是造成钢脆化的主要原因.通过控制钢中氮、铝含量,以及采用合理的冷却方式可以提高钢种的内在质量.     

First-principles study of helium effect in a ferromagnetic iron grain boundary: Energetics, site preference and segregation

Using a first-principles method based on density functional theory, we have investigated energetics and site preference of helium (He) in a ferromagnetic bcc-iron (Fe) grain boundary (GB). We calculate the binding energies of He atom in the GB, which show that the substitutional He is energetically favored in comparison with the interstitial He with a small energy difference of 0.06 eV. The segregation energy is calculated to be ∼1.4 eV for the energetically favorable GB substitutional and interstitial sites, which is large enough for the He atoms to segregate to these sites, independent of the temperature and the bulk He concentration. This leads to the conclusion that all the He atoms will segregate into the GB at a typical temperature range of 573-1173 K.     

Fractographic and microstructural characterization of irradiated 304 stainless steel intergranularly fractured in inert gas

Fractographic and microstructural examinations were performed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, respectively, and correlated, for the thermally sensitized 304 stainless steel (SS) irradiated to 1.2×10²¹ n/cm² (E>1 MeV) in BWR condition and fractured intergranularly in 290 °C inert gas. Intergranular (IG) cracks were present in the specimen surface region and the fracture surface periphery. The fractography showed IG facets decorated with various patterns of linear features/steps. The microstructures of the surface region revealed linear features/deformation twinning near grain boundaries and microtwins at grain boundaries. The linear features identified on the [1 1 1] habit plane varied depending on deformation levels. The high number density of microtwins evidences a high local stress and strain concentration, which may nucleate and initiate at the impingement of deformation twins and grain boundaries. Therefore we conclude that a mechanism causing the IG cracking mechanically in non-aqueous environment is present in the highly irradiated austenitic SS.     

Effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on spray deposited CdX (X = S, Te) thin films

Cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride thin films are irradiated with high energy heavy ion beam to study the irradiation induced effects in these films. The polycrystalline thin film samples deposited by spray pyrolysis are irradiated with 60 MeV Oxygen ions using tandem Pelletron accelerator. The X-ray diffraction patterns exhibit a reduction in peak intensities in both CdS and CdTe films. The grain size decrease with fluence is observed for both CdS and CdTe films, with more decrease for CdTe films. The AFM results support this observation. The films show opposite trend in the variation of electrical resistivity with irradiation fluence. A decrease in resistivity is observed for CdS films due to an increase of carrier concentration arising by the creation of sulfur vacancies during the irradiation. The creation of sulfur vacancies is confirmed by XPS studies. The stoichiometric changes seen from XPS studies support this observation. An enhancement of grain boundary scattering due to the reduction of grain size leads to the increase of electrical resistivity for CdTe films.     

Microstructural Evolution during Mechanical Milling of Rapidly Solidified Al–14Ni–14Mm1 Alloy Powders

Microstructural evolution in gas-atomized Al–14 wt%Ni–14wt% Mm alloy powders was studied during mechanical milling. It was noted that the as-solidified particle size of 200 m increases up to 72 h of milling and, subsequently, there was continuous refinement to 20 m on milling to 200 h. Two microstructurally different zones—Zone A, which is featureless, and Zone B, which has the structure of the as-solidified powder—were noted. The thickness of the Zone A increased with increasing milling time at the expense of Zone B. Zone A was found to be much harder than Zone B and, consequently, crack formation, eventually leading to microstructural refinement, was observed to start in the relatively weaker Zone B.     

Ml_xMm_(1-x)(NiCoMnTi)_5贮氢合金的电化学性能和Rietveld分析

在ＡＢ５型混合稀土－镍系贮氢多元合金的研究中，为设计高性能价廉的ＡＢ５型贮氢电极合金，人们对其Ｂ侧多元合金化和Ａ（＝ＲＥ）侧稀土组元分别进行了系统的研究。本文通过对ＲＥ（ＮｉＣｏＭｎＴｉ）５合金中稀土组元（ＲＥ＝ＭｌｘＭｍ１－ｘ）进行组合优化研究，主要依赖于市售的混合稀土金属（Ｍｌ和Ｍｍ）原材料，利用不同种类的混合稀土中Ｌａ、Ｃｅ、Ｎｄ和Ｐｒ组元相应变化，来调整其稀土成分。结果表明，Ｍｌ∶Ｍｍ比例对其电化学性能有显著影响。Ｍｌ０．８５Ｍｍ０．１５（ＮｉＣｏＭｎＴｉ）５对应合金具有最高放电容量为２８０ｍＡｈ／ｇ和较好的循环寿命，而合金电化学性能与相应的结构有关。因此，采用Ｒｉｅｔｖｅｌｄ法（多晶衍射图形拟合法）对其精细结构分析具有重要意义。分析表明，合金仍保持母体合金ＬａＮｉ５的ＣａＣｕ５型六方晶系结构，空间群为Ｐ６／ｍｍｍ；合金中Ｌａ、Ｃｅ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｒ（１ａ）－Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｍｎ、Ｔｉ（２ｃ）键长对其电化学容量起决定作用     

Investigation of hydrogen transport through Mm(Ni3.6Co0.7Mn0.4Al0.3)1.12 and Zr0.65Ti0.35Ni1.2V0.4Mn0.4 hydride electrodes by analysis of anodic current transient

Hydrogen transport through such metal-hydride electrodes as Mm(Ni_3.6Co_0.7Mn_0.4Al_0.3)_1.12 and Zr_0.65Ti_0.35Ni_1.2V_0.4Mn_0.4 was investigated in 6 M KOH solution by using potentiostatic current transient technique. From the shape of the anodic current transient and the dependence of the initial current density on the discharging potential, the boundary conditions at the electrode surface were established during hydrogen extraction from the as-annealed and as-surface-treated electrodes. Especially, it was experimentally confirmed that the diffusion-limited boundary condition is no longer valid at the electrode surface during hydrogen transport in case hydrogen diffusion is coupled with either the interfacial charge transfer reaction or the hydrogen transfer reaction between adsorbed state on the electrode surface and absorbed state at the electrode sub-surface. From the transition behaviour of the boundary condition, it was further recognised that the boundary condition at the electrode surface during hydrogen transport is not fixed at the specific electrode/electrolyte system by itself, but it is rather simultaneously determined even at any electrode/electrolyte system by the potential step and the nature of the electrode surface, depending upon e.g. the presence or absence of the surface oxide scales.     

Mm合金化对Zr基贮氢合金电极性能的影响作用

本文研究探讨Ｍｍ合金化对难活化的ＡＢ２型Ｚｒ－Ｍｎ－Ｎｉ系贮氢合金的晶体结构,电化学容量及贮氢电极活化等特性的影响作用。Ｍｍ合金化加入可从根本上改善Ｚｒ系贮氢合金电极的活化性能。这与Ｍｍ合金化对贮氢电极合颗粒表面化学改性作用以及合金颗粒体内微结构改变等因素有关,ＸＲＤ分析表明Ｍｍ合金化后同氢后金晶体结构仍为Ｃ１５相,且其中的Ｃ１４型Ｌａｖｅｓ相含量明显增加,同时,也发现Ｍｍ合金化恶化了贮氢合金电化     

La替代Mm对无钴AB5型贮氢合金性能的影响

用铸造及快淬工艺制备了无钴AB5型LaxMm1-x(NiMnSiAlFe)4.9(x=0、0.45、0.75和1.00)贮氢合金,研究了La替代量x对合金性能的影响。La替代Mm,可以提高合金的放电容量,当x从0增加到1.00时,铸态合金以60 mA/g恒流充放电的容量从273.5 mAh/g增加到304.5 mAh/g,10 m/s淬速快淬态合金的容量从236.8 mAh/g增加到300.3 mAh/g。La替代Mm,对铸态合金的循环寿命没有显著影响,但使快淬态合金的循环寿命下降。