Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113厌氧发酵产丁二酸培养条件的优化

采用Plackett-Burman设计法(Plackett-Burman,PB),对影响Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113厌氧发酵生产丁二酸的11个因子进行了筛选。结果表明,影响该菌厌氧发酵产丁二酸的主要因子为葡萄糖、酵母膏、玉米浆。在此基础上,采用响应曲面法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)对这3个因子的影响进行了研究,得出丁二酸产量的数学模型,通过对二次多项回归方程求解,得到3因子的最优用量:葡萄糖107g/L,酵母膏16 g/L,玉米浆12 g/L,在优化条件下培养48 h,丁二酸的产量由原始培养条件下的62g/L增到84 g/L,收率从62%提高到78.5%,生产强度达1.75 g/(L·h)。     

After After Geometry

Michael Meredith of MOS Architects examines his own practice's preoccupation with physics and the particle-oriented world, and the persistent problem of meaning and meaninglessness against the backdrop of the architecture of a previous era: a period that spanned the Deconstruction movement of the late 1980s and closed with Greg Lynn's seminal 1997 Architecture After Geometry edition of AD.     

NJ2型机车主要技术特点及初期运用情况（上）

结合青藏高原地区的特殊地理环境和气候条件的特点,对NJ2型机车主要性能特点、相应技术参数以及机车控制系统和电传动特点作了详细介绍;对两年多来NJ2型机车的运用情况进行了简单介绍。     

Young driver crash rates by licensing age,driving experience,and license phase

Background

Few studies have concurrently assessed the influence of age and experience on young driver crashes, in particular in the post-Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) era. Further, little attention is given to the transition from intermediate to full licensure. We examined the independent and joint contributions of licensing age, driving experience, and GDL license phase on crash rates among the population of young New Jersey (NJ) drivers.

Methods

From a unique linked database containing licensing and crash data, we selected all drivers who obtained their NJ intermediate license at 17–20 years old from 2006–2009 (n = 410,230). We determined the exact age at which each driver obtained an intermediate and full license and created distinct, fixed cohorts of drivers based on their age at intermediate licensure. For each cohort, we calculated and graphed observed monthly crash rates over the first 24 months of licensure. Further, we examined crash rates by age at licensure, driving experience (i.e., time since licensure), and license phase.

Results

First-month crash rates were higher among the youngest drivers (licensed at 17y0m). Drivers who were licensed later experienced a reduced “steepness” in the slope of their crash rates in the critical initial months of driving, but there did not appear to be any incremental benefit of later licensure once drivers had six months of driving experience. Further, at each age, those with more driving experience had lower crash rates; however, the benefit of increased experience was greatest for the substantial proportion of teens licensed immediately after becoming eligible (at 17y0m). Finally, independent of age and experience, teen drivers’ crash risk increased substantially at the point of transition to a full license, while drivers of a similar age who remained in the intermediate phase continued to experience a decline in crash rates.

Conclusion

Age and driving experience interact to influence crash rates. Further, independent of these two factors, there is an abrupt increase in crash risk at the point of transition from intermediate to full licensure. Future studies should investigate whether this increase is accounted for by a change in driving exposure, driving behaviors, and/or other factors.     

利用纤维素水解液中的纤维二糖发酵制备丁二酸

纤维素水解液中通常含有纤维二糖。本文考察了Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113利用纤维二糖厌氧发酵生产丁二酸的能力,并利用蔗渣纤维素制备纤维二糖作为碳源用于厌氧发酵生产丁二酸。3 L发酵罐厌氧发酵结果显示：以35 g/L纤维二糖作为碳源发酵制备丁二酸,其产量为23.51 g/L,产率达到67.17%;用含有18 g/L纤维二糖和17 g/L其它糖类的蔗渣纤维素水解液作为碳源发酵制备丁二酸,丁二酸的产量和产率分别为20.00 g/L和64.73%。因此,Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113具有较强的利用纤维二糖生产丁二酸的能力,而且利用废弃的纤维素制备纤维二糖作为碳源高效、经济地发酵制备丁二酸具有可行性。     

有机酸对Actinbacillus succinogenes厌氧发酵过程的抑制作用

通过在发酵培养基中分别添加不同浓度的丁二酸、甲酸和乙酸,考察了3种有机酸对茵体生长及代谢产物积累的影响.结果表明,在初始葡萄糖浓度为40 g/L厌氧发酵产丁二酸体系中,甲酸抑制作用最强,乙酸次之,丁二酸无明显抑制作用.当甲酸和乙酸总浓度超过13.70 g/L时,菌体开始衰亡.利用膜循环生物反应器在发酵过程甲酸和乙酸总浓度达到13.70 g/L时移出部分抑制性代谢产物,有效地降低了有机酸对A.succinogenes NJ113生长代谢的抑制作用,丁二酸生产强度达1.70 g/(L·h),比分批发酵提高了17.2%.     

有机酸对Actinobacillus succinogenes厌氧发酵过程的抑制作用

通过在发酵培养基中分别添加不同浓度的丁二酸、甲酸和乙酸,考察了3种有机酸对菌体生长及代谢产物积累的影响。结果表明,在初始葡萄糖浓度为40 g/L厌氧发酵产丁二酸体系中,甲酸抑制作用最强,乙酸次之,丁二酸无明显抑制作用。当甲酸和乙酸总浓度超过13.70 g/L时,菌体开始衰亡。利用膜循环生物反应器在发酵过程甲酸和乙酸总浓度达到13.70 g/L时移出部分抑制性代谢产物,有效地降低了有机酸对A.succi-nogenes NJ113生长代谢的抑制作用,丁二酸生产强度达1.70 g/(L.h),比分批发酵提高了17.2%。