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81.
Aeromonas (A) gum, an acidic heteropolysaccharide, formed aggregates easily in NaCl aqueous solution. A novel solvent of the A gum, which can prevent aggregation, was found to be 0.20M urea/0.25M NaOH aqueous solution. The weight‐average molecular weight (Mw), radius of gyration (〈s21/2), and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) of the samples were determined in 0.20M urea/0.25M NaOH aqueous solution at 25°C by light scattering (Mw, 〈s21/2) and viscometry ([η]). The values of Mw, 〈s21/2, and [η] were close to those in 0.20M lithium chloride/dimethylsulfoxide, in which the A gum exists as a semiflexible single chain, implying the same conformation for the A gum in 0.20M urea/0.25M NaOH aqueous solution. The results revealed that 0.20M urea/0.25M NaOH aqueous solution is a good solvent, which effectively avoids the aggregates of the A gum in aqueous solution. Moreover, it can be used to investigate the solution properties and chain conformation of water‐insoluble polysaccharides or the polysaccharides that are easily aggregated in aqueous systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1710–1713, 2005  相似文献   
82.
The main problem with biodiesel is the high cost of oils made from oleaginous crops. For this reason, various raw materials have been analysed with a view to reducing production costs and obtaining a product that can compete with the price of petrodiesel. Recycled oil is one of the most promising alternatives in the production of biodiesel because not only is the cheapest raw material but it also avoids the expense of treating the oil as a residue.Another way to reduce costs is to make the process more economical. Conventional technology uses sodium hydroxide as the basic catalyst and large-scale batch reactors, whose mechanical agitation requires high energy consumption due to residence times of at least 60 min and temperatures of 60 °C.In this paper we use a recycled pretreated oil to compare conventional transesterification with continuous transesterification in a tubular reactor. In this reactor the reactants (oil, methanol and sodium hydroxide) flow through a helicoidal tube submerged in a heating bath at 60 °C. The reactor has five outlets distributed non-uniformly to enable samples to be taken at different reaction times. This is to reduce the reaction time and avoid the need for mechanical agitation. With the aim of improving the quality of the biodiesel obtained, we varied the helicoidal system by incorporating a static micromixer and supplying energy in the form of ultrasound from the heating bath. This reactor produced biodiesel and glycerine at compositions roughly equal to those obtained in the batch process (89% FAME content at 75 min) but did so continuously (2.5 mL/min) and just 13 min after the reactants were integrated in a single line using a T device. Both the oil and the biodiesel were characterized and analysed in accordance with European standard UNE EN14214 for biodiesel.  相似文献   
83.
马远征 《浙江化工》2005,36(7):39-42
针对循环蒸发器产生裂纹的现象,主要从应力腐蚀的角度,结合实际生产情况,对碳钢的腐蚀断裂情况,进行了较为详细的分析与探讨,认为应力腐蚀是造成循环蒸发器裂纹的主要原因.针对腐蚀原因,结合实际提出了解决问题的对策措施.  相似文献   
84.
保险粉法合成紫外线吸收剂UV-326   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以保险粉作还原剂,通过重氮化、偶合、还原反应合成了紫外线吸收剂UV-326。研究了还原反应的投料比、温度以及氢氧化钠溶液浓度等因素对反应收率和产品质量的影响。结果表明:较理想的反应条件是偶合物、保险粉与氢氧化钠的物质的量比为1:3.5:10.5,氢氧化钠溶液溶度为18%,在8l℃下反应0.5h,总产率达86%以上,产品纯度为99.9%。以该工艺合成的紫外线吸收剂具有优良的紫外吸收能力,且在500nm可见光处的透光率为99.7%。  相似文献   
85.
李丹  戴林  陈世雄  申越  邓立红  何静 《化学试剂》2013,35(7):631-634,640
分别以离子液体1-烯丙基-3-甲基氯代咪唑([Amim]Cl)与氢氧化钠/尿素水溶液为反应介质,采用丙烯酸单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,利用接枝共聚方法合成纤维素-丙烯酸接枝共聚物。以轻液体石蜡为分散相,经反相悬浮过程将接枝物球化,考察了分散剂用量、油水比、转速对成球的影响,确定了较合理的反相悬浮球化条件。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对纤维素吸附剂进行了表征。探讨了聚合物微球对金属离子的吸附性能。结果表明,聚合物微球对Cu2+离子有较好的吸附效果,吸附量分别为230.8 mg/g([Amim]Cl体系)与241.9 mg/g(氢氧化钠/尿素水溶液体系),具有良好的再生能力,且[Amim]Cl体系中制备的吸附剂具有较高的成球得率。  相似文献   
86.
Chemical modifications of wood fibers (Lignocel® C120) were performed for biocomposite applications, and chemically modified wood fibers were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. NaOH treatment showed band shifts from Cell‐I to Cell‐II in FTIR spectra from 2902 cm?1, 1425 cm?1, 1163 cm?1, 983 cm?1, and 897 cm?1 to 2894 cm?1, 1420 cm?1, 1161 cm?1, 993 cm?1, and 895 cm?1 and the change in peak height at 1111 cm?1 and 1059 cm?1 assigned for Cell‐I structure. Silane treatment showed peak changes at 1200 cm?1 assigned as Si? O? C band, at 765 cm?1 assigned as Si? C symmetric stretching bond, at 700 cm?1 assigned as Si? O? Si symmetric stretching, and at 465 cm?1 assigned as Si? O? C asymmetric bending. Benzoyl treatment resulted in an increase in the carbonyl stretching absorption at 1723 cm?1 and in band characteristics of aromatic rings (1604 cm?1 and 710 cm?1) and a strong absorption at 1272 cm?1 for C? O band in aromatic ring. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010  相似文献   
87.
The behavior of liquefaction of Shengli (SL) lignite with NaOH-methanol was studied. Based on high content of water in lignite and the economy of the process (amounts of NaOH used), the effects of NaOH concentration, methanol content and water content on the liquefaction behavior of SL lignite were preliminarily investigated. The results show that SL lignite has a good reaction activity, and its conversion and product yield reach 98% and 99% at 300 °C for 1 h respectively, when the ratio of SL lignite, NaOH and methanol is for 1 g:1 g:10 ml. NaOH participates in the reaction. The increase of the amount of NaOH significantly increases the amount of tetrahydrofuran soluble (THFS) fraction. Methanol plays a promotion role in the liquefaction, which makes the product yield increase for about 16-23%. Water content has little effect on the SL lignite conversion, product yield and the product distribution. Solvent-extraction components of liquefaction products of SL lignite with NaOH-methanol are mainly THFS, toluene soluble (TS), hexane soluble (HS) and water soluble fractions (WS). The FTIR analyses of solvent-extraction components show that all of the fractions contain OH group, aromatic structure, carbonyl group and aromatic ether oxygen group.  相似文献   
88.
Hydrogen can enter into iron or steel during anodic polarization when bare metal is exposed, e.g. during stress corrosion cracking, erosion or friction. The hydrogen permeation rate (HPR) through a 35-μm thick iron membrane was studied with the electrochemical technique in 0.1 M NaOH without and with EDTA or Na2MoO4 during cathodic and anodic polarization at 25 °C. Anodic polarization of the bare metal was performed by applying fast jumps of anodic potentials to the cathodically treated surface. The jumps resulted in transients of enhanced HPR which continued to rise despite the starting decay of anodic current. The enhanced HPR can be ascribed to acidification associated with anodic oxidation of iron. It is proposed that the continued rise of HPR during anodic current decay can be explained by the formation of low-protective layers which hinder diffusion of hydrated protons out of the metal surface and thereby increase their concentration at the surface. The enhancement of HPR was strongly decreased by EDTA, but increased by Na2MoO4 at noble potentials. It is suggested that these effects can be explained in terms of the thickness and type of low-protective layers.  相似文献   
89.
潘泰  赵贵涛  黄英 《硅酸盐通报》2021,40(10):3427-3434
为探明土体在酸碱污染情况下力学特性和微观结构的演化规律,以云南红黏土为研究对象,以不同浓度的盐酸(HCl)和氢氧化钠(NaOH)为污染源,考虑酸碱全范围pH值变化和作用时间对红黏土抗剪强度的影响,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察红黏土微观结构的变化。结果表明:与经历pH值为8.2的溶液处理过的红黏土相比,随着pH值升高或降低,红黏土的抗剪强度τf、黏聚力c、内摩擦角均呈现下降趋势;当pH值为0.5和13.8时,随着酸碱作用时间延长,红黏土的抗剪强度τf、黏聚力c、内摩擦角逐渐减小,7 d之后趋于稳定;对酸碱污染红黏土的SEM照片及其特征参数进行分析,发现酸碱污染红黏土抗剪强度衰减是酸碱溶液侵蚀土体结构导致的;碱污染红黏土与酸污染红黏土相比较,前者工程性质更差。该研究成果对云南红土地区水环境恶化型工程病险的认识和防治具有指导意义。  相似文献   
90.
不同介质中聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
汪怀远  冯新  史以俊  何鹏  陆小华 《化工学报》2007,58(4):1053-1058
分别在碱液、水、油和干摩擦条件下考察了碳纤维和玻璃纤维填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。利用SEM观察了不同介质中磨损面和对摩面的形貌,并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明,不同介质中摩擦系数的大小关系是μ干>μ水或油>μ碱,磨损率是W水>W干>W碱或油。水、碱和油都不同程度地阻止了转移膜的形成。碱液和油具有很好的冷却与润滑作用,摩擦系数低,磨损小;然而水分子降低了填料和基体的界面粘接强度,造成犁削和磨粒磨损加重。  相似文献   
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