Evaluation of single-phase,discrete, mixture and combined model of discrete and mixture phases in predicting nanofluid heat transfer characteristics for laminar and turbulent flow regimes

It is essential to investigate the appropriate model for simulating nanofluid flow for different flow regimes because, at present, most previous studies do not agree with each other. It was, therefore, the purpose of this study to present a Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) investigation of heat transfer coefficients of internal forced convective flow of nanofluids in a circular tube subject to constant wall heat flux boundary conditions. A complete three-dimensional (3D) cylindrical geometry was used. Laminar and turbulent flow regimes were considered. Three two-phase models (mixture model, discrete phase model (DPM) and the combined model of discrete and mixture phases) and the single-phase homogeneous model (SPM) were considered with both constant and variable properties. For the turbulent flow regime, it was found that the DPM with variable properties closely predicted the local heat transfer coefficients with an average deviation of 9%, and the SPM deviated from the DPM model by 2%. It was also found that the mixture and the combined discrete and the mixture phase model gave unrealistic results. For laminar flow, the DPM model with variable properties predicted the heat transfer coefficients with an average deviation of 9%.     

Effects of linearly heated left wall on natural convection within a superposed cavity filled with composite nanofluid-porous layers

The effect of a linearly heated left sidewall on natural convection flows in a cavity filled with nanofluid-superposed porous layers is investigated numerically using the Galerkin finite element method. Two cases, which use the vertical and horizontal directions for the porous–nanofluid layers, are considered to investigate the natural convection in the flow inside a square enclosure. In both cases, the left wall is linearly heated, whereas the right wall is isothermally cooled. The horizontal walls are assumed to be thermally insulated. The Darcy–Brinkmann model is used to solve the governing equations in the porous layer. The results show that the nanofluid produces more enhancement of heat transfer compared to the base fluid. Increasing the Rayleigh number $(Ra)$ values caused the intensity of the streamlines in case 2 to be stronger than that in case 1. Lower values of the thermal conductivity ratio ($K_r)$ imply greater heat transfer enhancement than for the high thermal conductivity ratios. At the low values of the thermal conductivity ratio ($K_r<1)$ and Darcy number values $(Da$$<$${10}^{-3})$, the heat transfer is more enhanced for case 2 compared to case 1 while higher Darcy number produced case 1 overcome case 2.     

Crosswise stream of hydrogen-oxide (H2O) through a porous media containing copper nanoparticles

Transport theories in porous media are quite operative to analyse heat transferral phenomenon in biological tissues, reducing bio convective flow instabilities by means of porous media and many more. Inspired by these remarkable features, the present study is conducted to analyse heat transfer phenomenon for obliquely striking nanofluid through a porous media. Copper (Cu) nanoparticles are suspended in traditional Hydrogen Oxide based fluid. Scaling group of transformations is conveniently employed to reduce governing transport equations and is tackled numerically afterwards. Influence of nanoparticles volume fraction, stretching ratio and porosity parameter on physical measures of concern such as normal and tangential skin friction and corresponding heat flux at wall is portrayed. Streamline patterns are traced out to discover the influence of porosity factor on actual flow behavior. It was observed that solid volume fraction of copper nanoparticles enhanced the skin friction coefficients and heat flux. Increasing the porosity parameter leads to greater heat flux and tangential skin friction co-efficient.     

Rheological characteristics of non-Newtonian nanofluids: Experimental investigation

γ-Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and CuO nanoparticles were dispersed in a 0.5 wt.%. aqueous solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to prepare three types of non-Newtonian nanofluids. Rheological characteristics of the base fluid and nanofluids with various nanoparticle concentrations at different temperatures were measured. Results show that all nanofluids as well as the base fluid exhibit pseudoplastic (shear thinning) behavior. The rheological characteristics of nanofluids and those of the base fluid are functions of temperature and particle concentrations.     

Analytical solution of natural convection flow of a nanofluid over a linearly stretching sheet in the presence of magnetic field

In this paper, we examine the convective flow and heat transfer of an incompressible viscous nanofluid past a semi-infinite vertical stretching sheet in the presence of a magnetic field. The governing partial differential equations with the auxiliary conditions are reduced to ordinary differential equations with the appropriate corresponding conditions via scaling transformations. The analytical solutions of the resulting ODEs are obtained, and from which the analytical solutions of the original problem are presented. The influence of pertinent parameters such as the magnetic parameter, the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles and the type of nanofluid on the flow, heat transfer, Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient is discussed. Comparison with published results is presented.     

A numerical investigation of conjugated-natural convection heat transfer enhancement of a nanofluid in an annular tube driven by inner heat generating solid cylinder

Laminar conjugate heat transfer by natural convection and conduction in a vertical annulus formed between an inner heat generating solid circular cylinder and an outer isothermal cylindrical boundary has been studied by a numerical method. It is assumed that the two sealed ends of the tube to be adiabatic. Governing equations are derived based on the conceptual model in the cylindrical coordinate system. The governing equations have been solved using the finite volume approach, using SIMPLE algorithm on the collocated arrangement. Results are presented for the flow and temperature distributions and Nusselt numbers on different cross sectional planes and longitudinal sections for Rayleigh number ranging from 10⁵ to 10⁸, solid volume fraction of 0‹φ‹0.05 with copper-water nanofluid as the working medium. Considering that the driven flow in the annular tube is strongly influenced by orientation of tube, study has been carried out for different inclination angles.     

Experimental heat transfer of nanofluid through an annular duct

This paper is related to heat transfer performance of Al₂O₃/H₂O and TiO₂/H₂O nonofluids through an annular channel with constant wall temperature boundary condition under turbulent flow regime. The constant temperature is applied on the outer wall of the channel. Experimental investigation was done for a wide range of Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ nanoparticle concentrations and Reynolds number. Based on the experimental results, for specific Peclet number, Nusselt number of nanofluids is higher than that of the base fluid. The enhancement increases with increase of nanparticle concentration for both employed nanofluids. Based on the results of this investigation there is no significant difference on the heat transfer enhancement associated with two employed nanofluids.     

Pressure drop and thermal characteristics of CuO-base oil nanofluid laminar flow in flattened tubes under constant heat flux

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of nanofluid flow inside horizontal flattened tubes under constant heat flux. The nanofluid is prepared by dispersion of CuO nanoparticle in base oil and stabilized by means of an ultrasonic device. Nanofluids with different particle weight concentrations of 0.2%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% are used. Copper tubes of 11.5 mm I.D. are flattened into oblong shapes and used as test sections. The nanofluid flowing inside the tube is heated by an electrical heating coil wrapped around it. Required data are acquired for laminar and hydrodynamically fully developed flow inside round and flattened tubes.The effect of different parameters such as flow Reynolds number, flattened tube internal height and nanofluid particle concentration on heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of the flow is studied. Observations show that the heat transfer performance is improved as the tube profile is flattened. Flattening the tube profile resulted in pressure drop increasing. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient as well as pressure drop is increased by using nanofluid instead of base fluid. Furthermore, the performance evaluation of the two enhanced heat transfer techniques studied in this investigation shows that applying flattened tubes instead of the round tube is a more effective way to enhance the convective heat transfer coefficient compared to the second method which is using nanofluids instead of the base liquid.     

Enhancement of thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol based silver nanofluids

Nanofluid is a kind of new engineering material consisting of solid particles with size typically of 1-100 nm suspended in base fluids. Nanofluids offer excellent scope of enhancing thermal conductivity of common heat transfer fluids. In the present study, nanofluids are synthesized using silver nitrate (precursor), ethylene glycol (reducing agent), and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylicacid) (dispersion stabilizer). The different concentrations of silver nanofluid (1000-10,000 ppm) were synthesized. The silver particles present in colloidal phase have been characterized by EDX, XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, Zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The stability as well as thermal conductivity of these nanofluids was determined with a transient hot-wire apparatus, as a lapse of time after preparation. Typically, 10,000 ppm silver nanofluid exhibited rapid increase in the particle size with the passage of time. Thermal conductivity of silver nanofluids increased to 10, 16, and 18% as the amount of silver particles in nanofluid were 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm, respectively. After 30 days of preparation, the thermal conductivity of 1000 and 5000 ppm silver nanofluids decreased slightly from 10% and 15% to 9% and 14%, respectively. In addition, the thermal conductivity of 10,000 ppm nanofluid was decreased from 18% to 14% after 30 days. It is very interesting to report that the silver particles were aggregated in early stage of preparation (up to 15 days), which leads to the increase in the size of silver particles. However, no significant change was observed after 15 days which indicates the stability of silver nanofluids.     

纳米流体应用于热管的前景

纳米流体作为一种新型传热冷却工质已成功应用于热管强化传热领域。分析了纳米流体及热管的技术进展,指出纳米流体应用于热管可以明显降低热阻,强化传热性能,增大最大功率。从目前的研究情况来看,需要从热管的使用寿命、可靠性和经济性等技术问题开展进一步的工作,有必要对纳米流体热管及其传热机理和传热性能进行深入研究与完善。