新型清洁压裂液的实验室合成

研制出一种新型的双子季铵盐表面活性剂———N,N-双十八烷基-N,N,N,N-四醇乙基-二溴乙二铵(Gemini-OHAB),对用Gemini-OHAB及其它辅剂配制的新型压裂液体系性能进行了研究。结果表明:该体系具有良好的粘弹性、悬砂性能、低温溶解性以及抗温稳定性能;而且由于双子季铵盐表面活性剂中引入了醇乙基,该新型压裂液体系解决了传统季铵盐类清洁压裂液体系的低温不溶性及高生物毒性,也克服了甜菜碱类清洁压裂液体系抗温性能低的缺点,具有良好的市场应用前景。     

Influence of washing and of heat-treatment conditions on the thermal stability of VPI-5

Thorough washing of a VPI-5 synthesized with n-dipropylamine as template improves greatly its thermal stability while no major change is observed in the template content. A detailed study of the influence of the pretreatment conditions shows that in order to obtain a high thermal stability (up to at least 960 °C) two parameters are of importance. The removal of both the template and the adsorbed water requires either a low heating rate at atmospheric pressure or a low pressure (less than 3 Torr) when the heating rate is 300 ° per hour.     

Stability of large-scale coal-fired MHD channels

Stability of large-scale coal-fired MHD channels is studied by (1) linearized stability analysis, and (2) time-dependent 1-D analysis. The channel length is 15 m with 600 electrode pairs, and the output power ranges from 220.6 MW through 258.7 MW. Linearized stability analyses show that the Faraday channels operated with fixed loading resistance are stable, whereas the two waves of u and u–a (u, a: gas and sound velocity) become unstable in the Faraday channel with fixed loading factor. Two waves of u and u–a are unstable in the diagonal channel with fixed loading current and the u + a wave becomes unstable in the diagonal channel with fixed electrode current. Time-dependent one-dimensional analyses indicate that the Faraday channels with fixed load resistance are smooth without growth of fluctuation. The diagonal channels with fixed electrode current are smooth with no fluctuation, though the linear theory indicates that the u + a wave is unstable. The diagonal channel with fixed load current suffers large disturbance along the latter half of the channel, being consistent with the linearized analysis which indicates that the u - a and u waves are unstable.     

Conductor design with high-Tc superconducting Bi(Pb)—2223/Ag multifilamentary tapes

With high upper critical fields, high temperature superconductors (HTSC) have been recognised as candidate materials for coil and magnet applications. High field devices, at one time or another, when operated close to their rated limits are often faced with instability problems which normally are electrical, magnetic or mechanical in nature. The determination of stability parameters, therefore, is of interest to the conductor designer which very much assists in the processing aspect of long length production of wires and tapes. Due to the morphology of the superconductor most HTSC devices made with Bi(Pb)—2223 precursor exist in tape form. Here the determination of stability parameters (for flux-jump and cryogenic stability) for multifilamentary Bi(Pb)—2223/Ag tapes are presented. Processing parameters such as intermediate deformation and filling factors have been found to play a crucial role, not only on the critical current density of the tapes but on the stability aspect in conductor design as well.     

高能粒子辐照对零膨胀微晶玻璃光学性质和面形光学稳定性的影响

研究了高能电子，高能质子对ＶＯ２微晶玻璃辐照前后光性质和面形光学稳定性的影响，研究结果表明，高能电子辐照能引起微晶玻璃面形明显变化，且使ＶＯ２微晶玻璃强烈着色。高能质子辐照没引起面形明显变化，高能质子辐照对反射光谱特性没有影响。     

Author's reply to “Comments on ‘Performance evaluation of UKF-based nonlinear filtering”’

It is stated in the above-mentioned comment that the main result of the paper Xiong, Zhang, et al. [(2006). Performance evaluation of UKF-based nonlinear filtering. Automatica 42(2), 261-270] can be extended to a class of filters, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF). As we show here, this belief can be justified in a rigorous way, even for the nonlinear stochastic system with a nonlinear measurement equation.     

Thermal stability and high-temperature wear of Ti–TiN and TiN–CrN nanomultilayer coatings under self-mated conditions

Ti–TiN and TiN–CrN nanomultilayers were thermally stable retaining uniform and sharp layer interfaces up to 24 h at 773 K, without any oxidation or phase transformation accompanying each individual layer. Decreasing the multilayer spacing resulted in an increase in the hardness in both cases. The coating hardness was found to be independent of the substrate type, when applied on HS718, Ti64 and HCHCr substrates. In scratch testing, the multilayers displayed a better resistance to the onset of failure, as compared to the monolayer TiN. The substrate plasticity played an important role in determining the coating failure mode. Self-mated wear tests revealed the CrN–TiN system to exhibit the best wear behaviour, both at room temperature and at 773 K. The Ti–TiN coatings are more accommodative with all three substrates, as compared to TiN–CrN and TiN.     

Flavor and Stability of "Horchata De Chufas"

Horchata is a sweetened water extract of chufa tubers (Cyperus esculentus) which is very popular in Spain, and has potential in the U.S. The objectives of this research were to characterize horchatas from different types of chufa, and to monitor flavor and stability of unheated and pasteurized horchatas during storage (2°C). Trained panelists rated the following attributes: color, chalkiness, sweetness, vanilla-like, nutty, earthiness, bitterness, and off-flavor. Horchatas made with chufa grown in Spain and chufa from Spain but grown in Florida showed higher vanilla and nutty levels than horchata from the Florida type. During storage (2°C), vanilla, nutty, and sweetness decreased, and other attributes increased. Heating to 70 and 95°C for 1 min did not alter sensory attributes initially, prevented off-flavor development, and slowed changes in desirable attributes for 35 days.     

Nonlinear black-box modeling in system identification: a unified overview

A nonlinear black-box structure for a dynamical system is a model structure that is prepared to describe virtually any nonlinear dynamics. There has been considerable recent interest in this area, with structures based on neural networks, radial basis networks, wavelet networks and hinging hyperplanes, as well as wavelet-transform-based methods and models based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules. This paper describes all these approaches in a common framework, from a user's perspective. It focuses on what are the common features in the different approaches, the choices that have to be made and what considerations are relevant for a successful system-identification application of these techniques. It is pointed out that the nonlinear structures can be seen as a concatenation of a mapping form observed data to a regression vector and a nonlinear mapping from the regressor space to the output space. These mappings are discussed separately. The latter mapping is usually formed as a basis function expansion. The basis functions are typically formed from one simple scalar function, which is modified in terms of scale and location. The expansion from the scalar argument to the regressor space is achieved by a radial- or a ridge-type approach. Basic techniques for estimating the parameters in the structures are criterion minimization, as well as two-step procedures, where first the relevant basis functions are determined, using data, and then a linear least-squares step to determine the coordinates of the function approximation. A particular problem is to deal with the large number of potentially necessary parameters. This is handled by making the number of ‘used’ parameters considerably less than the number of ‘offered’ parameters, by regularization, shrinking, pruning or regressor selection.     

崇礼东坪黄金公司缓倾斜薄矿体采空区综合治理

在采空区调查的基础上,以FLAC工程力学分析软件为手段,应用“诱导崩落和封闭采空区综合治理”理论,进行缓倾斜薄矿体采空区综合治理研究.该项研究与实践为缓薄矿体采空区综合治理提供了可供借鉴的经验,并为矿山创造了可观的经济效益.