水泥搅拌桩质量事故处理

针对水泥搅拌桩桩体强度不合格或承载力不满足设计要求等常见的质量事故,结合工程实际,介绍了换填法在处理水泥搅拌桩质量事故中的应用并阐述了实际效果,以期避免发生质量事故或将发生事故的可能性降至最低限度。     

Road crash fatality rates in France: A comparison of road user types,taking account of travel practices

Background

Travel practices are changing: bicycle and motorized two-wheeler (MTW) use are rising in some of France’s large cities. These are cheaper modes of transport and therefore attractive at a time of economic crisis, but they also allow their users to avoid traffic congestion. At the same time, active transport modes such as walking and cycling are encouraged because they are beneficial to health and reduce pollution. It is therefore important to find out more about the road crash risks of the different modes of transport. To do this, we need to take account of the number of individuals who use each, and, even better, their travel levels.

Method

We estimated the exposure-based fatality rates for road traffic crashes in France, on the basis of the ratio between the number of fatalities and exposure to road accident risk. Fatality data were obtained from the French national police database of road traffic casualties in the period 2007–2008. Exposure data was estimated from the latest national household travel survey (ENTD) which was conducted from April 2007 to April 2008. Three quantities of travel were computed for each mode of transport: (1) the number of trips, (2) the distance traveled and (3) the time spent traveling. Annual fatality rates were assessed by road user type, age and sex.

Results

The overall annual fatality rates were 6.3 per 100 million trips, 5.8 per billion kilometers traveled and 0.20 per million hours spent traveling. The fatality rates differed according to road user type, age and sex. The risk of being killed was 20 to 32 times higher for motorized two-wheeler users than for car occupants. For cyclists, the risk of being killed, both on the basis of time spent traveling and the number of trips was about 1.5 times higher than for car occupants. Risk for pedestrians compared to car occupants was similar according to time spent traveling, lower according to the number of trips and higher according to the distance traveled. People from the 17–20 and 21–29 age groups and those aged 70 and over had the highest rates. Males had higher rates than females, by a factor of between 2 and 3.

Conclusion

When exposure is taken into account, the risks for motorized two-wheeler users are extremely high compared to other types of road user. This disparity can be explained by the combination of speed and a lack of protection (except for helmets). The differential is so great that prevention measures could probably not eliminate it. The question that arises is as follows: with regard to public health, should not the use of MTW, or at least of motorcycles, be deterred? The difference between the fatality risk of cyclists and of car occupants is much smaller (1.5 times higher); besides, there is much room for improvements in cyclist safety, for instance by increasing the use of helmets and conspicuity equipment. Traffic calming could also benefit cyclists, pedestrians and perhaps moped users.     

The relationship between integrated design and construction and safety on construction projects

The occurrence of accidents and injuries continues to be a major problem in construction worldwide. Even though accident statistics have been improving in most markets there are significant areas requiring further attention. The extent of integrated working between designers and constructors may be an instrumental factor. A comparison is undertaken of the accident performance of 55 large construction projects in the UK, with varying levels of design/construction integration as represented by procurement path. Although a statistical relationship between high levels of integration and low levels of accidents was weak, a follow‐up interview study provided strong support, suggesting that a lack of significance was related to the unreliability of the statistics available. The interview study also indicated reasons for this link. A key element in improved safety was seen to be better communications and a more positive relationship between designers and constructors. Further research into designing for safety for all procurement paths is recommended.     

中国煤矿重大瓦斯爆炸事故规律分析

通过对中国煤矿1980年到2000年20年间发生的重大瓦斯爆炸事故和发生在国有重点煤矿的重大瓦斯爆炸事故的对比分析显示在所有导致中国煤矿重大瓦斯爆炸事故的直接原因中．人因(含故意违章45．89％、管理失误44．89％、缺陷设计6．90％)所占比率高达96．59％以上，这一数据在国有重点煤矿为人因(故意违章48．78％、管理失误35．36％、缺陷设计4．90％)占89．02％。这使我们对中国煤矿重大瓦斯爆炸事故的致因规律有了全新认识。在研究重大瓦斯爆炸事故环境特征、特征源交叉数据的基础上，对比得出中国煤矿雷大瓦斯爆怍事故规律图并分析。     

新形势下煤矿企业外包工程安全管控模式研究

针对煤矿企业外包工程安全生产问题严重、事故多发的特点,通过对新的煤矿企业外包工程的安全管控模式研究,分析煤矿安全监管、技术和装备水平、安全培训等存在的问题,提出了实施煤矿外包工程队准入制度,创新外包安全管控模式,找到对外包工程安全状况进行管理的行之有效的办法。     

危险化学品环境污染事故统计分析及预防策略

文章搜集了我国2000~2012年133起典型危险化学品环境污染事故,根据污染要素分为大气污染事故、水污染事故和土壤污染事故。运用数理统计方法,分析了各类事故的发生原因、危害、影响因素及应急处置特点。最后结合上述事故的分析,对我国危险化学品环境污染事故的应急管理工作提出几点建议。     

铁路隧道事故调查标准化方法的研究

随着我国经济的发展和交通设施建设的逐步完善,我国铁路隧道数量逐渐增多。但是,事故发生的可能性和危害程度也逐渐增加。而目前对于铁路隧道的事故调查通常以调查人员本身的工作经验为依据,具有一定的主观性,这可能导致调查过程效率低下或调查结果出现偏差。因此,建立铁路隧道事故调查方法的标准化是十分必要的。笔者基于目前常用的调查方法,依据铁路隧道事故的分类和调查目的,制定了一套具有针对性的标准化的铁路隧道事故流程,并结合工程实例进行了验证,可供相关人员参考。     

基于数字图像的汽车驾驶员行驶状态判别

通过车载CCD图像传感器摄取图像,在利用中值滤波、边缘检测等图像处理技术去除噪声和获取道路标线的基础上,建立了摄像机的透视投影模型和汽车驾驶员行驶状态模型,研究了车辆行驶过程中相对道路标线的行驶状态参数,以监控驾驶员行车状况。实验证明,该方法获得的行驶状态参数曲线能有效判别驾驶员的行驶状态,为减少驾驶员人为因素导致的交通事故作了有益的探索。     

突发事件泄漏石油类污染物在水环境中迁移转化研究进展

突发事件泄漏的石油类污染物在水体中的迁移转化规律一直是环境水力学研究的难点.根据石油类污染物的物理、化学特征,针对其在水体中不同阶段的运动动力学特征,分别从油膜在水体表层的扩展迁移过程、水体表层油膜的风化过程、油膜污染物向下层水体的扩散过程、水体中石油类污染物的迁移转化过程、石油类污染物的迁移转化过程物理试验、常用溢油...     

Social identity,safety climate and self-reported accidents among construction workers

The construction industry has one of the highest frequencies of work-related accidents. We examined whether construction workers predominantly identify themselves in terms of their workgroup or in terms of the construction site. In addition, we examined the associations between social identity and safety climate, and how these constructs are associated with work-related accidents. The analyses were based on questionnaire responses from 478 construction workers from two large construction sites, and the methods involved structural equation modeling. Results showed that the workers identified themselves primarily with their workgroup, and to a lesser degree with the construction site. Social identity and safety climate were related both at the workgroup and construction site levels, meaning that social identity may be an antecedent for safety climate. The association between social identity and safety climate was stronger at the workgroup level than at the construction site level. Finally, safety climate at both levels was inversely associated with self-reported accidents, with the strongest association at the workgroup level. A focus on improving safety climate, particularly by integrating initiatives at both the workgroup and management level, may have the potential to improve safety performance and thus decrease the risk of accidents and injuries on construction sites.