Rapid Crystallization for Efficient 2D Ruddlesden–Popper (2DRP) Perovskite Solar Cells

Due to the additional introduction of bulky organic ammonium and the competition between bulky organic ammonium and methyl ammonium in 2D Ruddlesden‐Popper (2DRP) perovskite, the crystallization process becomes complicated. Here, it is demonstrated that the rapid crystallization controlled by processing solvents plays an important role in achieving high‐quality 2DRP perovskite films. It is found that the processing solvents, e.g., dimethylacetamide (DMAC), N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), with a different polarity and boiling point, have almost no effect on crystal structure and phase distribution but have a remarkable effect on crystallization kinetics, crystal growth orientation, and crystallinity of 2DRP perovskite. Compared to polar aprotic solvent DMF and DMSO with a high boiling point, DMAC with low polarity and a suitable boiling point has a weak coordination to lead and ammonium salts and is easy to escape during solution processing, which is able to accelerate the crystallization rate of 2DRP perovskite. Benefitting from the rapid crystallization enabled high‐quality 2DRP perovskite films, the best‐performing device with improved stability and a power conversion efficiency of 12.15% is obtained using DMAC solvent. These findings may give guidance for solvent engineering for highly efficient 2DRP perovskite solar cells in the future.     

Low‐Temperature and Rapid Growth of Large Single‐Crystalline Graphene with Ethane

Future applications of graphene rely highly on the production of large‐area high‐quality graphene, especially large single‐crystalline graphene, due to the reduction of defects caused by grain boundaries. However, current large single‐crystalline graphene growing methodologies are suffering from low growth rate and as a result, industrial graphene production is always confronted by high energy consumption, which is primarily caused by high growth temperature and long growth time. Herein, a new growth condition achieved via ethane being the carbon feedstock to achieve low‐temperature yet rapid growth of large single‐crystalline graphene is reported. Ethane condition gives a growth rate about four times faster than methane, achieving about 420 µm min^?1 for the growth of sub‐centimeter graphene single crystals at temperature about 1000 °C. In addition, the temperature threshold to obtain graphene using ethane can be reduced to 750 °C, lower than the general growth temperature threshold (about 1000 °C) with methane on copper foil. Meanwhile ethane always keeps higher graphene growth rate than methane under the same growth temperature. This study demonstrates that ethane is indeed a potential carbon source for efficient growth of large single‐crystalline graphene, thus paves the way for graphene in high‐end electronical and optoelectronical applications.     

煤矸石集料混凝土抗压强度及耐久性能

以煤矸石-普通碎石混合作为粗集料制备了一系列混凝土试样,其中煅烧和未煅烧煤矸石等量替代普通碎石的掺量为0%、30%、50%、70%和100%,探究了煤矸石粗集料掺量和700℃煅烧对混凝土抗压强度、快速氯离子渗透、抗碳化性能和抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,并借助X射线衍射仪(XRD)观测矿物成分变化,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测微观结构。实验结果表明煤矸石作混凝土集料是可行的,最大掺量受混凝土设计强度和所处环境的限制。煤矸石与胶凝材料粘结处空腔的存在不利于混凝土抗压强度和耐久性能,但对固化氯离子性能有利。相比于掺未煅烧煤矸石的混凝土,掺煅烧煤矸石的混凝土的内部结构更致密,但煅烧煤矸石自身的缺陷导致其未获得较大优势。后续研究将致力于更大程度地激发煅烧煤矸石集料的活性以更好地发挥其优势。本研究为煤矸石的大宗高效利用提供试验基础和理论依据。     

Selective laser melting raw material commoditization: impact on comparative competitiveness of additive manufacturing

The paper analyses the impact of cheaper metal powder supplies on the comparative competitiveness of additive manufacturing (AM). By utilising two case studies, we compare the economic impact of an innovative titanium extraction method on Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and conventional methods of machining and casting. A switch-over analysis identifies the production quantities above which conventional manufacturing is more cost competitive than additive manufacturing. This analysis is performed for current raw material as well as cheaper raw material supply. The results illustrate the improved comparative competitiveness of SLM as the titanium supply is commoditised and more readily available in powder form. The responsiveness of the supply chain is improved as the switch-over point between SLM and conventional methods increases. Moreover, as the raw material supply chain for titanium is transformed through the use of this novel extraction method, the manufacturing supply chain is simplified.     

Informing additive manufacturing technology adoption: total cost and the impact of capacity utilisation

Informing Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology adoption decisions, this paper investigates the relationship between build volume capacity utilisation and efficient technology operation in an inter-process comparison of the costs of manufacturing a complex component used in the packaging industry. Confronting the reported costs of a conventional machining and welding pathway with an estimator of the costs incurred through an AM route utilising Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), we weave together four aspects: optimised capacity utilisation, ancillary process steps, the effect of build failure and design adaptation. Recognising that AM users can fill unused machine capacity with other, potentially unrelated, geometries, we posit a characteristic of ‘fungible’ build capacity. This aspect is integrated in the cost estimation framework through computational build volume packing, drawing on a basket of sample geometries. We show that the unit cost in mixed builds at full capacity is lower than in builds limited to a single type of geometry; in our study, this results in a mean unit cost overstatement of 157%. The estimated manufacturing cost savings from AM adoption range from 36 to 46%. Additionally, we indicate that operating cost savings resulting from design adaptation are likely to far outweigh the manufacturing cost advantage.     

Local out-of-plane deformation of CFRP ablator subjected to rapid heating

This study investigates local out-of-plane deformation of a carbon fiber reinforced phenolic polymer ablator subjected to very rapid heating. Local out-of-plane deformation was measured using a three-dimensional digital image correlation technique at high temperatures. This was achieved by attaching high temperature resistant random patterns on the specimen surface using a ceramic bond. Additionally, blue filters intended for cutting strong infrared radiation from the specimen were also used. This study then discusses the mechanisms of the local out-of-plane deformation under rapid heating conditions in terms of carbonization, pyrolysis gas occurrence, gas pressure storage, and interlaminar debonding due to gas pressure.     

短钻孔快速抽采工艺在长距离掘进工作面的应用

针对目前高瓦斯煤巷长距离掘进工作面瓦斯治理措施存在成本高、因回风流瓦斯体积分数高而影响掘进速度等问题,提出在长距离掘进工作面应用短钻孔快速抽采工艺,即利用检修班时间采用短钻孔进行掘进工作面快速集中抽采,通过短时间、高强度抽采小范围瓦斯,减小掘进工作面及回风流通风压力,提高煤巷掘进速度。短钻孔快速抽采工艺从时间和空间上克服了现有技术的不足,将掘进工作面长距离长时间瓦斯抽采变为短距离短时间的高效抽采。在山西霍尔辛赫煤矿3605回风巷的应用结果表明,应用短钻孔快速抽采工艺可在控制回风流与工作面瓦斯体积分数和成本的前提下,将煤巷掘进月累计进尺由170 m提高到250 m,提高了近50%,实现了对低透气性煤层长距离掘进工作面瓦斯的有效治理。     

基于OpenCV的蜡染图案快速定制系统

为实现蜡染图案的快速定制, 提高蜡染图案创新设计效率, 研究一种基于OpenCV计算机视觉库相关函数和Python语言的蜡染图案快速定制系统. 该方法通过对蜡染图像进行形态学预处理, 然后使用canny算子实现蜡染图案轮廓提取; 随后用户手动选取子图案进行编码提取构型; 通过Hu矩匹配自动获取纹样空间位置, 结合拓扑学中的邻接图方法建立蜡染图案构型规则; 提出构型规则重用方法, 在已提取的构型规则上进行纹样嵌入, 使用基于标识矩阵法的图案嵌入法避免轮廓重叠. 该方法能够使设计结果更加丰富, 有效提高了设计效率. 最后通过蜡染图案设计原型系统进行蜡染图案创新设计, 验证该方法的可行性.     

基于卷积神经网络恶意安卓应用行为模式挖掘

现有的安卓恶意应用检测方法所提取的特征冗余且抽象,无法在高级语义上反映恶意应用的行为模式。针对这一问题,提出一种可解释性检测方法,通过社交网络检测算法聚类可疑系统调用组合,将其映射为单通道图像,用卷积神经网络进行分类,并利用卷积层梯度权重类激活映射可视化方法发现最可疑的系统调用组合,从而挖掘理解恶意应用行为。实验结果表明,所提方法在高效检测的基础上,能够正确发现恶意应用的行为模式。