TOTAL ORTHOGONALIZATION OF REDUNDANTS IN THE FORCE METHOD

If the force method is fully optimized by introducing two appropriate co-ordinate transformations on the internal generalized force unknowns, the self-stress states (or redundant force systems) are determined so as to be an orthonormal set which is also orthogonal to the particular solution. The magnitudes of the redundant forces then become zero for any loading. This eliminates all operations with the redundants. In other words, the particular solution which is found is the solution to the problem. The result is a large decrease in the amount of computation necessary in the force method by eliminating the need to form up and solve the matrices associated with the compatibility equations. Although a different approach, this optimized form of the force method is shown to result in the same numerical procedures as those for the natural factor formulation of the displacement method. The same transformations developed to orthogonalize completely the self-stress states may also be applied directly to the compatibility and equilibrium equations as an alternative procedure. This approach to the solution of the structural equations is designated as the force transformation method.     

GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR AND ELASTOPLASTIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHEAR FLEXIBLE BEAM ELEMENT OF VON-MISES-TYPE HARDENING MATERIAL

A three-dimensional elastoplastic beam element being capable of incorporating large displacement and large rotation is developed and examined. Elastoplastic constitutive equations are applied to the beam element based upon the assumption of small deformational strain leading to a material formulation which is completely objective for the application of stress update procedures. The continuum-type equations of plastic model of J₂ mixed hardening are transformed into the beam equations by satisfying beam hypotheses. An effective stress update algorithm is proposed to integrate elastoplastic rate equations by means of the so-called multistep method which is a method of successive control of residuals on yield surfaces. It avoids severe divergence when the displacement increments become large which is usual for the continuation methods. Material tangent stiffness matrix is derived by using consistent elastoplastic modulus resulting from the integration algorithm and is combined with geometric tangent stiffness matrix. Different from other elements, the present element is shear flexible and can satisfy the plasticity condition in a pointwise fashion. A great number of numerical examples are analysed and compared with the literature. The proposed beam element is verified to be not only quite accurate but also very effective for the analyses of pre-buckling and large deflection collapse of spatial framed structures.     

STRESS- AND ROTATION-BASED HIERARCHIC MODELS FOR LAMINATED COMPOSITES

A hierarchic sequence of equilibrium models in terms of stresses assumed to be not a priori symmetric is derived for cylindrical bending of laminated composites, using first-order stress functions. The stress field of each hierarchic model satisfies a priori (i) the translational equilibrium equations and the stress boundary conditions of two-dimensional elasticity, and (ii) the continuity requirement for the transverse shear and normal stresses at the lamina interfaces. The levels of hierarchy correspond to the degree to which the two first-order compatibility equations and the rotational equilibrium equation of two-dimensional elasticity are satisfied. The numerical solution is based on Fraeijs de Veubeke's dual mixed variational principle, employing the p-version of the finite element method. The number of degrees of freedom is independent of the number of the layers in the laminate. Results are obtained directly for the stresses and rotations; the displacement field is obtained in the post-processing phase by integration. Numerical results with comparisons show the capability of the mathematical and numerical models proposed.     

EVALUATION OF THE STRESS TENSOR IN 3-D ELASTOPLASTICITY BY DIRECT SOLVING OF HYPERSINGULAR INTEGRALS

A 3-D hypersingular Boundary Integral Equation (BIE) of elastoplasticity is derived. Using this formulation the displacement rate gradients and the complete stress tensor on the boundary can be evaluated directly as opposed to the classical approach, where the shape functions derivatives are to be calculated. The regularization of strongly singular and hypersingular boundary integrals, as well as strongly singular domain integrals for a source point positioned on the boundary is carried out in a general manner. Arbitrary types of elements and arbitrary positions of the source point with respect to continuity requirements can be used. Numerical 3-D elastoplastic examples (notch and crack problems) illustrate the advantages of the proposed method.     

Industrial applications of formulation computations: Is the computer the enemy?

The basis of modern computations of colorant formulations is a 1931 article by Kubelka and Munk. Virtually all the subsequent important contributions to the problem were published in the following four decades; if it were the practice for software instructions to include a comprehensive list of published references, it is unlikely that many, if any, would be dated later than the advent of the modern computer. This implies either that no major problems remain unsolved, or that some factor is discouraging further improvements or is inhibiting their publication. This leads to the hypothesis that the accepted practice, in the dissemination of computer documentation, of failing to provide references to relevant published work is a significant basis of stultifying new development. It is accordingly urged that promulgators of software accept the responsibility, universally observed in scientific and technological publication, of disclosing prior work by supplying appropriate lists of relevant published material. The failure to disclose prior published work should be deemed a form of plagiarism. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

活菌制剂保护剂的作用机制与应用前景

活菌制剂因其独特的生物活性、稳定性以及便利性而被广泛应用于食品、化妆品、农业、环境治理以及医疗等多个领域。作者综述了菌种生理结构以及活菌制剂在生产加工及储藏过程中失活的影响因素,并分别列举了蛋白质、糖、脂质以及其他成分作为保护基质在活菌制剂中的作用机理,总结了不同属、不同生理状态的菌株对保护剂的不同需求,旨在为活菌制剂保护剂的开发和选择提供研究思路。     

控制性详细规划编制的探索与创新——《广东省城市控制性详细规划编制指引》解析

配合《广东省城市控制性详细规划管理条例》的实施,广东省建设厅出台了《广东省城市控制性详细规划编制指引》。该《指引》详细规定了控制性详细规划的编制内容、编制与审批程序、成果构成等内容,从控制指标体系、公众参与、实施管理制度等方面探索了完善现有控制性详细规划编制的方法。论文在分析当前控制性详细规划面临问题的基础上,剖析了《指引》制定的思路和主要内容,总结了其意义与创新,并结合其在实践中遇到的问题提出了进一步发展完善《指引》的相关思路。     

亮色系建筑涂料色浆的研制及应用

阐述了自制亮色系色浆的必要性。介绍了自制亮色系色浆的颜料筛选,配方调整及其在建筑涂料中应用后对面漆性能的影响。     

提升管内颗粒浓度梯度力的特性

由于Kutta-Joukowski横向力与浓度梯度力的共同作用,提升管内颗粒沿径向在边壁大量聚集并形成稳定的环?核结构。根据实验数据,分析了颗粒浓度梯度的径向分布特征,考察了不同操作条件下浓度梯度力系数K的分布特性。由Kutta-Joukowski横向力与浓度梯度的关系,提出了浓度梯度力的表达式Fρ=K(dρ/dr)A及浓度梯度力系数K的表达式K=[?ρg(νg?νp)(?v/?r)r]/?dρ/dr+(d2ρ/dr2)r?。提升管内颗粒群受到的浓度梯度力与浓度梯度力系数K有关。浓度梯度力系数K在提升管中心处为0,沿提升管径向呈“N”型分布,随表观气速增加而增加;提升管内充分发展段K的数值明显大于提升管加速区和出口约束区,总结了浓度梯度力系数K的经验关联式。