沁水盆地北端煤层气储层特征及富集机制

煤层气的富集与储层特征密切相关,并受地质条件的制约。在详细研究煤储层特征及煤层气富集机制的基础上,对沁水盆地北端煤层气的开发前景进行了初步评价。煤岩、煤质、煤体结构及孔渗性、吸附性的观察和测试显示,该区煤层厚度大,热演化程度高,局部发育构造煤,裂隙较发育,吸附性能力强,含气量高,含气饱和度偏低,适合煤层气的开发。该区煤层气的富集主要受控于热演化史和埋藏史。在区域变质的背景上,叠加了岩浆热变质作用,生气强度大。另外,煤层的埋深、顶底板封闭性及水文地质条件都会影响煤层含气量的大小,煤层气富集是多因素有效配置的结果。      

Advanced modulation formats for more robust optical transmission systems

Interest in advanced modulation formats for optical communication systems has so far experienced two major waves. The first one was motivated by the potential to enhance receiver sensitivity of thermal noise-limited systems using coherent detection in combination with phase shift keying. It ended with the advent of optical amplification, enabling high sensitivities together with polarization insensitive, simple and stable direct detection. The second wave is still rolling, fueled by the potential of advanced modulation formats to increase robustness of optical transmission systems against signal distortions. Due to performance limitations given by direct detection and nonlinear effects in the transmission fiber, it is not decided yet, whether there will be widespread application in carrier networks.     

Solving thermal and phase change problems with the eXtended finite element method

 The application of the eXtended finite element method (X-FEM) to thermal problems with moving heat sources and phase boundaries is presented. Of particular interest is the ability of the method to capture the highly localized, transient solution in the vicinity of a heat source or material interface. This is effected through the use of a time-dependent basis formed from the union of traditional shape functions with a set of evolving enrichment functions. The enrichment is constructed through the partition of unity framework, so that the system of equations remains sparse and the resulting approximation is conforming. In this manner, local solutions and arbitrary discontinuities that cannot be represented by the standard shape functions are captured with the enrichment functions. A standard time-projection algorithm is employed to account for the time-dependence of the enrichment, and an iterative strategy is adopted to satisfy local interface conditions. The separation of the approximation into classical shape functions that remain fixed in time and the evolving enrichment leads to a very efficient solution strategy. The robustness and utility of the method is demonstrated with several benchmark problems involving moving heat sources and phase transformations. Received 20 May 2001 / Accepted 19 December 2001     

Investigation on Three Types of Residues in Phase-unwrapping

In phase unwrapping, how to control the residues and cut-lines is critical to unwrap ill-state wrapped phase map successfully. Some new concepts in phase unwrapping field are proposed. Firstly, the residues in three types, I.e., singular residues, normal residues and virtual residues, are classified, which leads to some rational unwrapping paths. Secondly, some differences between cut-line and curved-line are analyzed. And finally, experiment is carried out to compare our new enhanced Goldstein algorithm with the original Goldstein algorithm.     

Al-Cu-Fe QUASICRYSTALLINE PHASE FORMATION BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

Al-Cu-Fe alloys were prepared from elemental powders in a high-energy planetary ball mill. A sequence of solid state reactions resulting in quasicrystal (QC) phase formation takes place during heating of the as-milled powder. These reactions were studied by both differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction methods. Mechanically alloyed powders were consolidated by cold and hot pressing, as well as by explosive compaction. After annealing at sufficiently high temperatures, the consolidated samples are single-phase QC, except the ones consolidated by explosion. The high reactivity of the as-milled alloys causes the appearance of high porosity of the consolidated samples after the annealing.     

Assessment of different techniques for quantification of α-Al(FeMn)Si and β-AlFeSi intermetallics in AA 6xxx alloys

During homogenisation of AA 6xxx aluminium alloys, the platelike β-AlFeSi intermetallic phase will transform to a less Si-rich and more spheroidised α-Al(FeMn)Si phase which is more favourable for extrusion. In this study, several quantitative methods, which determine the relative volume fraction of α-Al(FeMn)Si and β-AlFeSi, are compared and an assessment of each method is made. The methods used are optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) using polished samples, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on intermetallics, extracted through selective dissolution of the Al matrix. The highest accuracy is obtained by using SEM/EDX analysis and applying two criteria.     

江汉平原印支期以来的盆山耦合关系及下古生界油气响应

利用构造地质学和油气系统理论，以盆地构造-沉积分析技术为手段，研究了印支期以来江汉平原与周缘造山带的耦合关系，探讨了江汉平原的构造演化及其对油气成藏的控制作用。印支期以来江汉平原及周缘经历了挤压、拉张、挤压3次大的构造应力场的转换，使古生代海相碳酸盐岩沉积为主的盆地具有改造盆地的特点；一方面强烈的抬升、剥蚀使早期聚集的油气经历改造和再分配、再聚集过程，另一方面燕山期构造活动使逆冲推覆构造成为该区重要勘探领域。综合分析表明，位于台、盆转换带的宜昌-珂理-簰州区带是目前江汉平原及周缘下古生界油气勘探的有利地区。     

Study on axiomatic rules for building up relationships between requirement and source programs

The purpose of our study is to build up relationships between requirement and source programs with our originally thought-out rules. When other rules to be derived from these original rules are applied to software development, even a single instruction in a programming language could be determined, and the program would satisfy the requirement. More specifically speaking, these rules will turn into a formula or a prototype of software programs. Hence, when the variables in the requirement are placed in the formula, we can get a required program in an automatic way.     

Effect of pH on the Crystallization of Homogeneously Precipitated Nanosized PZT Powder

Nanosized lead zirconate titanate (PZT) powder with Zr:Ti ratio in the morphotropic phase boundary region was synthesized by homogeneous precipitation of metal ions. The powder precipitated at 90°C and at pH 6.7 resulted single-phase perovskite lead zirconate titanate powder when calcined at 550°C and above for 4 hours in air. The solution pH and the precipitation temperature strongly affect the composition of the calcined powder. The results obtained by structural characterization of homogeneously precipitated powder were compared with that obtained from the conventional precipitation method using ammonia in terms of crystallization, homogeneity, and microstructure. The homogeneously precipitated powder showed smaller particle size, minimum agglomeration and uniform shape on calcination and annealing. Powdered samples that precipitated by homogeneous precipitation crystallized directly to perovskite PZT, without any intermediate pyrochlore phase formation. In contrast, the NH₃ precipitated powder converted to perovskite PZT via metastable pyrochlore and it showed phase segregation upon annealing at higher temperatures. The reaction kinetics has been studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry.