Rendering Caustics on Non-Lambertian Surfaces

This paper presents a new technique for rendering caustics on non-Lambertian surfaces. The method is based on an extension of the photon map which removes previous restrictions limiting the usage to Lambertian surfaces. We add information about the incoming direction to the photons and this allows us to combine the photon map with arbitrary reflectance functions. By using a cone-filter we improve the quality of the radiance estimate in particular at discontinuities. Furthermore we introduce balancing of the photon map which not only reduces the memory requirements but also significantly reduces the rendering time. We have used the method to render caustics on surfaces with reflectance functions varying from Lambertian to glossy specular.     

一种棒材计数装置的研究

介绍了棒材在线计数的意义和这一技术的进展，详细分析了影响摄像技术采集棒材特征的各种因素和干扰，研制成功了棒材在线计数装置并获得国家专利。装置在线采集链条上每组棒材端面的图像，经计算机进行图像识别，实现了各种规格棒材在线的精确计数。装置的创新点：数据采集箱用于隔离外界干扰；快速准确的图像识别算法；喷液装置使端面成像易于被识别；采集的数据参与过程管理。     

棒材生产在线视觉计数系统研究

针对轧钢厂棒材生产工艺状况，为实现标准化打捆包装要求，设计了在线计数控制装置，研究了实时视觉图像处理，在线棒材识别算法和k级容错计数技术，并应用于含有各种干扰的实际生产过程，实现了棒材在线快速计数和分钢自动化操作．     

硅基光子晶体板的光刻和反应离子刻蚀

用光刻和反应离子刻蚀的方法对硅材料光子晶体板的制作进行了研究。实验发现,与激光 直写曝光相比,光刻曝光更有利于胶上图形的陡直度。扫描电子显微镜测试表明,反应离子刻蚀后得到深3.3μm,晶格周期10.95μm,占空比50%的孔状光子晶体板结构,孔的陡直度保持较好,基本满足设计要求。     

一种皮秒单光子计数光谱仪数据采集系统

针对皮秒时间相关单光子计数光谱仪中多道分析仪传输速率不高的情况,在荧光光谱测量中的多道定标技术的基础上,提出了采用 PCI 总线的数据采集卡改进方案。该方案以存储器中不同的地址作为测量中不同的道,将以 FPGA 实现的高速计数器按选定时间间隔的计数结果存入相应道中,存储器中数据经 PCI 总线读入内存并分析处理,从而取代原系统中的多道分析仪。实验结果显示,数据采集卡传输速率达到 20MB/s,比多道分析仪提高了 200 倍。     

Shape measurement of long microbores applying photon counting method

New technology, especially in the field of microelectronics and mechatronics, created the need for making, positioning and inspection techniques of long microbore-holes and gaps (defined by length/width to diameter ratio l/d > 10 for d < 200 μm). The technological aspect is, in principle, subdued but the metrological one is still unsolved.In Zosel et al. [Zosel J, Guth U, Thies A, Reents B. Flow measurements in micro holes with electrochemical and optical methods. Electrochim Acta 2003;48:3299–305] the properties (power loss and phase distortion) of focused laser microbeam penetrating extremely long through microbores is described; it was proved that the measurement information is distorted depending on the microbore geometry. The samples were prepared of glass–resin laminate with microbore diameter ranging from 35 to 200 μm.In present research an adjustable 100 μm microbore is used as a master. It is formed of mutually accurately adjusted 20 metal plates 100 μm thick set of coaxially in pile. Precise positioning of each plate enables creating free-shaped microbore.The photon batching device emitting 2.5 million photons per second is used as a generator of incident photon beam. The measured transmission efficiency is understood as a relation between outgoing and incoming light energy. The outgoing energy, for particular microbore, was determined by scanning linearly and angularly the bore with photon beam and integrating the results. Experiments were performed in dark room with background 2/5 photons per second (including dark current of photomultiplier).These changes describe the relationship between the shape of the microbore and the transmission energy and can be considered as a measure of microbore cylindricity deviation.     

Simplified nerve cell counting in the rat brainstem with the physical disector using a drawing-microscope

A simple modification of the physical disector is presented, which is used to count the number of neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rat in a series of paraffin sections. One disector consists of two adjacent sections (6 μm thick) that have been Nissl-stained with cresyl fast violet. In the first step of the procedure each of the two sections is investigated separately with a drawing-microscope. The boundary of the hypoglossal nucleus and the position of neurons devoid of, or containing a part of, the cell nucleus in the plane of the section are marked on transparent paper. In the second step, these two drawings are placed one upon another, aligned and the number of cell profiles that show a cell nucleus in one but not in both drawings counted. This modification of the disector method for cell counting needs no specialized equipment, simply a light microscope with drawing apparatus, and can be combined with histochemical studies of other sections from the same tissue block.     

Design modelling and measured performance of the vacuum system of the Diamond Light Source storage ring

A one-dimensional diffusion model of the Diamond Light Source storage ring vacuum system is described and its predictions are compared with actual measured static (without beam) and dynamic (with beam) pressures over more than 2000 A h of beam conditioning at 3 GeV. An average specific thermal outgassing yield of 1·10⁻¹¹ mbar l/(s cm²) during initial beam circulation is obtained, which reduces to 2·10⁻¹² mbar l/(s cm²) after an accumulated beam dose of 1000 A h and an elapsed time of 769 days. In the presence of stored electron beam, the pressure rises as expected due to photon stimulated desorption (PSD). The PSD yield reduces with beam dose according to a (−2/3) power law as was applied in the model. Predicted and measured dynamic pressures generally agree within a factor of 2 over the whole range of beam conditioning dose studied.     

On the relationship of canopy LAI and photon recollision probability in boreal forests

The theory of spectral invariants, or ‘p-theory’, states that the canopy scattering coefficient at any wavelength can be related to the leaf scattering coefficient at the same wavelength through a spectrally invariant canopy structural parameter — the photon recollision probability p. The p-theory has recently gained interest in the vegetation reflectance modeling community as an efficient tool for characterizing scattering in clumped foliage structures. In this short communication paper, we report empirical data of the relationship of canopy leaf area index (LAI), diffuse non-interceptance and photon recollision probability for 1032 coniferous and broadleaved forest plots measured in Finland. Our results indicate that the relationship of canopy LAI and diffuse non-interceptance is near-universal in boreal stands i.e. it does not depend on stand age, tree species or growth conditions. This allows improving parameterizations used by canopy reflectance models which utilize the photon recollision probability concept. Our results also suggest that establishing species-specific p-LAI functions for northern European forests requires more research on the influence of micro- and macroscale foliage grouping on photon recollision probability.