Potential for potable water savings by combining the use of rainwater and greywater in houses in southern Brazil

Research on rainwater and greywater have been performed all over the world as a way of promoting potable water savings. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater and greywater in two houses in southern Brazil. An economic analysis is performed to evaluate the benefits of using rainwater and greywater either separately or together. Results indicate that the potential for potable water savings in both houses range from 33.8% (house B) to 36.6% (house A), considering that water for toilet flushing and washing machine does not need to be potable. By using rainwater, the potable water savings in house A would be 35.5% and in house B, 33.6%. When greywater is considered alone, potable water savings are lower, i.e., 30.4% in house A and 25.6% in house B. As for the use of rainwater and greywater combined, the potable water savings are 36.4% in house A and 33.8% in house B. The three systems that were investigated seem not to be cost effective as the payback periods were very high (above 17 years), but the greywater system was the most attractive one. The main conclusion that can be made from the research is that there needs to be government incentives in order to promote the use of rainwater or greywater in houses in southern Brazil.     

复合材料包装废弃物的回收和利用

分析复合材料包装废弃物产生的原因,讨论回收的意义和处理的难点,着重研讨回收利用的途径和技术。希望引起有关人士对此问题更强烈的关注,进行扎实的研究和开发     

三聚氰胺碳铵液的回收和利用

介绍三聚氰胺碳铵液回收,利用的方法,一是用碳铵液蒸发,分解,再与硫酸中和反应生成硫铵;二是用碳铵液生产尿素。获得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

铜、锌、铁催化剂使用后的再开发利用

介绍了以铜、锌、铁催化剂生产过程中的下脚料和使用后的此类催化剂为原材料进行生产产品的过程,重点讲述了硫酸铜的生产工艺过程,作出了其经济分析和市场需求分析。     

传统街区改造中的"渐进更新"策略与低成本建造技术--以"重庆川道拐"街区为例

通过4年多的"渐进更新"和低成本的旧建筑再利用,一个典型的传统山地街区在延续原有城市肌理同时创造了新的城市景观和就业岗位.街区的更新模式与建筑策略有别于普遍的"大拆大建"做法,是旧城改造新模式的探索.文中强调渐进更新和旧建筑再利用是"政府引导"、"群众动员"与"规划设计"共同作用的良性结果,并分析了规划设计与实践的方法、手段、取得的成果与存在的问题.街区今天依然处于持续更新之中.     

CCS,CCUS,CCRS,CMC系统集成

二氧化碳捕集—封存、生产生活中的节能减排和可再生能源的开发是实施低碳经济的三个核心举措。近年来提出的碳捕集—利用—封存和碳捕集—再利用—封存是更为积极的CO2减排应对策略。人类在未来必须要把宝贵的碳元素同时作为资源和能源载体循环利用,进行全程管理。     

Quality control of an unreliable random FMS: with Bernoulli and CSP sampling

It is widely recognized that disassembly-based product End-of-Life strategies, such as component reuse or simple fraction material recycling, are environmentally beneficial. However, current disassembly costs hinder a widespread application of these strategies. This paper quantifies the disassembly time reductions required to achieve economic feasibility of systematic product disassembly. A modelling framework, based on linear programming, is used to investigate the effect of reducing the expected disassembly time and cost on the selection of the optimal End-of-Life strategy. The problem is optimized from an End-of-Life treatment facility point of view. All findings are based on the Belgian cost and price information captured in spring 2004. The linear programming model shows that for small products from the Waste of Electric and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) category disassembly-based End-of-Life strategies will hardly become optimal, while for medium- and large-sized products, this scenario can be made optimal if a substantial disassembly time reduction is achieved. Possible strategies to realize such reduction are briefly sketched.     

Enhanced stability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida antarctica</Emphasis> lipase B in ionic liquids

The activity and stability of lipase from Candida antarctica were investigated in the kinetic resolution of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol with vinyl acetate using ionic liquids (ILs) as reaction media. Among ILs tested, the highest activity of lipase was observed in [Edmim][Tf₂N]. In hydrophobic ILs such as [Edmim][Tf₂N], [Emim][Tf₂N] and [Pmim] [PF₆], lipase could retain its activity after 5 times reuse, while the activity of lipase in hydrophilic ILs and organic solvents was drastically decreased. The activities of lipase in [Edmim][Tf₂N], [Emim][Tf₂N] and [Pmim][PF₆] were also well maintained after 1 day incubation at 80 °C. The lipase suspended in [Edmim][Tf₂N] could be successfully reused 6 times without loss of activity.     

基于UG的链轮参数化建模与重用库建立

介绍了链轮参数化设计的原理和建模步骤,在UG环境下,利用表达式功能建立链轮参数化模型,同时研究了链轮重用库的建立。链轮重用库的调用验证了链轮参数化模型的正确性,并大大提高产品开发的效率。     

循环经济理论在机械零件失效修复中的运用

前瞻性地以节约和环保的高新技术修复失效报废的机械零件,符合国家发展循环经济的政策。本文从循环经济的基本概念入手,阐述机械零件修复再利用的实质体现循环经济的基本原则。