Energy conservation in the industrial sector of developing countries

This paper begins by examining the most energy-intensive industries and methods by which fuel efficiency can be improved. Next the author analyses the economics of energy conservation using specific case studies drawn from India. It is shown that investing in energy efficiency is more economical Btu per Btu than investing in the enhancement of domestic energy resources. The author also assesses changes in the economics of conservation for private firms when there are government incentives. Finally government policies that can overcome economic and non-economic disincentives for investing in energy conservation are examined.     

2006:积极推进结构调整着力扩大消费需求

2005年,我国经济呈现高位平稳增长的特征,各项经济指标总体上继续向好.与此同时,经济运行中也出现了一些新情况、新问题,需要引起足够的重视.2006年,针对部分生产资料行业产能过剩等突出问题,应积极推进产业结构调整,促进经济增长方式转变.同时,应将扩大消费需求作为宏观政策的主要着力点.     

Psychological research, practice, and social policy: Potential pathways of influence.

Greater use of psychological research and practice knowledge in the formulation of social policy is necessary to enhance the well-being of U.S. citizens and communities. Although historically there are instances in which psychological and social science research and practice have had a substantial influence on federal policy, for the most part the relationships among research, practice, and policy have been tenuous. Three cases in which research has substantively influenced policy over the past 80 years are reviewed: Keynesian economics, Head Start legislation, and the activities of conservative think tanks. Several recommendations are made for ways in which psychologists can enhance their influence in the policy arena, including communicating directly with policymakers regarding relevant policy findings and knowledge gleaned from practice; conducting interdisciplinary, multilevel research as well as evaluation research (including qualitative data drawn from practice settings); and networking among researchers, practitioners, policy advocates, and social action groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Media ratings for violence and sex: Implications for policymakers and parents.

This article reviews research on the implementation of media-rating systems, parents' use and evaluation of them, and the impact of ratings on children. Although half or more of parents report using media-rating systems, understanding of various components of the systems is low, particularly for television ratings. A meta-analysis of national polls shows that parents overwhelmingly prefer that ratings specify content, rather than giving age recommendations. A second meta-analysis, of experiments testing the effects of ratings on children's interest in programs, shows that ratings indicating restricted or controversial content have a deterrent effect for children under age 8 but that, by age 11 and especially for boys, the ratings show a small enticement effect. This effect occurs for both age-based and content-based ratings. Implications for policymakers and parents are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Bullwhip reduction for ARMA demand: The proportional order-up-to policy versus the full-state-feedback policy

A ‘proportional’ order-up-to policy reacting to ARMA demand is analyzed using stochastic optimal control theory. This policy is compared with a full-state-feedback order-up-to policy. Necessary conditions for an optimum of a weighted sum of the inventory and the ordering variances for both policies are formulated. Based on this a relatively simple expression for the ‘full-state’ policy is derived. The comparison between the two policies demonstrates that the ‘intuitively’ designed proportional policy does not fulfill the objective of controlling both the inventory and ordering variance for all parameter values of the demand model as well as the full-state-feedback policy. The full-state-feedback policy outperforms the proportional policy in several aspects.     

The importance and the policy impacts of post-contractual opportunism and competition in the English and Welsh non-fossil fuel obligation

The non-fossil fuel obligation (NFFO), which consisted in a competitive auction for the deployment of renewable electricity, was the main policy for almost a decade in England and Wales. Once also used in Ireland and France, it has recently been abandoned in all countries. Many critics of the NFFO have focused on its inability to develop a national industry and promote a climate of stability among investors. This paper focuses on the incentives faced by developers bidding for a NFFO contract and shows that the low deployment rate under this scheme is likely to have been a predictable outcome of how the policy was structured and implemented rather than an unfortunate accident. The importance of the NFFO goes beyond the lack of an intense deployment of renewable electricity generation observed in the years in which the policy was on place. In fact, the NFFO has contributed to: promoting hostility against wind farms; creating false expectations of a price competitive renewable electricity sector; creating a playing field giving advantages to big players; preventing the creation of a wide renewable lobby coalition and the effective solution of planning constraints encountered by several renewable developers.     

矿井串联系统模糊可靠性理论的研究

矿井系统不仅具有随机性，而且同时也具有模糊性，在系统分析与设计过程中应同时考虑这两种不确定性因素的影响。文中提出了模糊故障、模糊功能、系统模糊运营状态和广义可靠度等概念，并在此基础上提出了求单元及串联系统的生产能力、营运费用、应急维修费用、修理时间和广义可靠度等指标的方法，建立了使系统平均生产能力最大的系统最优运营策略的数学模型。     

IP骨干网络中QoS技术的分析

简要介绍了IP骨干网络中对QoS技术的定义和其影响因素,并对目前几种比较流行的QoS模型进行了对比.最后重点介绍了DiffServ模型的工作机制,组成部件和相应的实现算法.通过对一些算法的描述,有助于为对从事网质量传输研究或者传输模型实现的相关人员提供一些感性的认识.     

我国奶牛场收入政策及发展

叙述了我国目前乳业概况，就经济体制转变以来，我国的奶生产情况，牧场收入，政府所起的作用及乳业今后面临的挑战等问题进行了分析和论述。     

后工业时代米兰单功能城区更新

在物化的形式上,解释米兰城市发展历史上的单功能城区的改造意义,并由此分析单功能城区更新的经验:单功能城区向混合居住模式的更新是发展方向;城区的功能重新定义对城区发展有重要意义;以新的建设为基础,发展城区自身的特色,做到城市在更新和特色之间的协调。