现代医院动物实验中心设计模式初探--以第四军医大学附属唐都医院为例

动物实验中心是现代医院“医、教、研”活动重要场所，在医院中地位越来越重要。本文以第四军医大学附属唐都医院神经外科动物实验中心为例，论述设计思路和方法，以期对医院动物实验中心设计提供可参考依据。     

Ontology development for run-time safety management methodology in Smart Work Environments using ambient knowledge

This paper presents the development of a decision support system for run-time safety management in Smart Work Environments (SWEs). Our approach consists of four main phases: (i) definition of the basic steps of a methodology for run-time safety management; (ii) development of an ontological knowledge-base of safety in work environments; (iii) definition of constraints on the ontology based on organizations’ safety protocols; (iv) communication of relevant information to each actor in the safety management team. We propose a generic ontological model of safety expertise, based on Occupational Safety and Health Regulations (OSHA), that is employed as Knowledge required in our safety management methodology based on the MAPE-K (Monitor–Analyze–Plan–Execute and Knowledge) loop. We present the RAMIRES (Risk-Adaptive Management in Resilient Environments with Security) tool, implementing this methodology. RAMIRES is developed as a dashboard, supporting the safety management team in understanding the risk and its consequences, and to support decision making in risk treatment. RAMIRES interacts with the SWE and the safety management team (actors) in order to: (i) communicate the risks and preventive strategies to actors; (ii) obtain more data about the observed areas to understand the risk and its consequences; and (iii) execute the automatic preventive strategies and support actors in the execution of human-operated preventive strategies. In this paper, we show the details on concepts designed in the safety ontology and illustrate how these concepts can be extended to provide an abstract model of a specific use case. Furthermore, we propose the definition of constraints on the ontology using logic-based rules. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the proposed methodology regarding the resilience of the environment.     

Non-Intensive Care Unit Acquired Pneumonia: A New Clinical Entity?

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections, responsible for great morbidity and mortality worldwide. The majority of studies on HAP have been conducted in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU), as mechanical ventilation represents a major risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia and specifically for ventilator-associated pneumonia. However, epidemiological data seem to be different between patients acquiring HAP in the ICU vs. general wards, suggesting the importance of identifying non ICU-acquired pneumonia (NIAP) as a clinical distinct entity in terms of both etiology and management. Early detection of NIAP, along with an individualized management, is needed to reduce antibiotic use and side effects, bacterial resistance and mortality. The present article reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of NIAP.     

Smart grid energy storage controller for frequency regulation and peak shaving,using a vanadium redox flow battery

Grid connected energy storage systems are regarded as promising solutions for providing ancillary services to electricity networks and to play an important role in the development of smart grids. Thus far, the more mature battery technologies have been installed in pilot projects and studies have indicated their main advantages and shortcomings. The main concerns for wide adoption are the overall cost, the limited number of charging cycles (or lifetime), the depth of discharge, the low energy density and the sustainability of materials used. Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFB) are a promising option to mitigate many of these shortcomings, and demonstration projects using this technology are being implemented both in Europe and in the USA. This study presents a model using MATLAB/Simulink, to demonstrate how a VRFB based storage device can provide multi-ancillary services, focusing on frequency regulation and peak-shaving functions. The study presents a storage system at a medium voltage substation and considers a small grid load profile, originating from a residential neighbourhood and fast charging stations demand. The model also includes an inverter controller that provides a net power output from the battery system, in order to offer both services simultaneously. Simulation results show that the VRFB storage device can regulate frequency effectively due to its fast response time, while still performing peak-shaving services. VRFB potential in grid connected systems is discussed to increase awareness of decision makers, while identifying the main challenges for wider implementation of storage systems, particularly related to market structure and standardisation requirements.     

Optimal control of combined heat and power units under varying thermal loads

This paper describes a model based optimizer that allows a combined heat and power (CHP) unit to supply backup power to a Smart Grid on the one hand and minimize the cost for heat and power supply on the other hand. The model of the CHP unit is lean but nevertheless accurately represents the unit behavior, including thermal behavior of the storage as well as the aging effect of engine starts. Thanks to the small model dimension we can solve the optimal dispatch problem efficiently using dynamic programming. Two selected soft- and hard-ware in the loop tests are discussed to demonstrate the performance of the approach. A re-optimization strategy is discussed that allows reactions to wrong predictions of external influences like weather.     

Micromechanical modeling and experimental characterization on viscoelastic behavior of 1–3 active composites

A study on the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior of (1–3 active composites) 1–3 piezocomposites and bulk piezoceramic subjected to electromechanical loading is carried out. The temperature-dependent effective properties are obtained experimentally using resonance based measurement technique. Experiments are also preformed for various fiber volume fractions of 1–3 piezocomposites subjected to constant compressive prestress and cyclic electric field at elevated temperature to understand the time-dependent behavior. Based on the measurements it is observed that the viscoelastic behavior has a significant influence on the electromechanical responses of 1–3 piezocomposites. Hence a viscoelastic based numerical model (unit cell approach) is proposed to predict the time-dependent effective properties of 1–3 piezocomposites. The evaluated effective properties are incorporated in a finite element based 3-D micromechanical model to predict the time-dependent thermo-electro-mechanical behavior of 1–3 piezocomposites and compared with the experimental observations.     

Exploiting carbon nanotube networks for damage assessment of fiber reinforced composites

An approach for damage inspection of composite structures utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNT) networks is investigated. CNT are dispersed in an epoxy using a processing technique compatible with commonly employed composite manufacturing techniques and subsequently used as matrix for a structural glass fiber reinforced composite. The developed electrical conductivity of the composite system is verified experimentally. The electrically conductive CNT network within the GFRP is exploited through distributed electrical voltage measurements to sense and, ultimately, locate damage in the plane of the composite plate. Damage in the form of cracks or delamination interrupts the continuity of the CNT network separating and isolating regions of the conductive network. Employing electric potential fields these changes can become measurable and can provide information for inversely locating the damage. Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) is formulated and experimentally applied to measure changes in the potential fields and deliver electrical conductivity change maps which are used to identify and locate changes in the CNT networks. These changes are correlated to capture the damage in the composite. Different damage modes are studied to assess the capabilities of the technique. The technique shows sensitivity to very small damages; less than 0.1% of the inspected area. The solution of the inverse ERT problem delivers a conductivity change maps which offers an effective localization with nearly 10% error and an inspection area suppression of around 75%. The proposed methodology to create CNT networks enables the application of ERT for Non-Destructive Evaluation of composite materials, previously not possible due to lack of conductivity, thus offering damage sensing and location capabilities even in-situ.     

PZT components derived from polysulphone spinning process

The present paper deals with the development of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fibres, pearls and fibre fragments, for their use as active phase in piezocomposites. As new a approach, the green ceramic components are shaped by polysulphone spinning, allowing for effective and flexible forming over a wide range of different geometries and sizes. The correlation between processing parameters, e.g. the slurry composition, nozzle size and operation velocity, and the resultant shape of ceramic components is analysed. Sintered piezoceramic parts show a dense microstructure. Performance data are evaluated on PZT/epoxy composites. Measurement results of strain, polarisation and piezoelectric coupling are given and discussed. The developed PZT components are seen as key for the creation of smart and lightweight structural components. Further, free formed PZT components open new design approaches for sensing and actuating devices and ultrasound transducers.