Experimental investigation of gas-liquid flow in a vertical venturi installed downstream of a horizontal blind tee flow conditioner and the flow regime transition

A venturi device is commonly used as an integral part of a multiphase flowmeter (MPFM) in real-time oil-gas production monitoring. Partial flow mixing is required by installing the venturi device vertically downstream of a blind tee pipework that conditions the incoming horizontal gas-liquid flow (for an accurate determination of individual phase fraction and flow rate). To study the flow-mixing effect of the blind tee, high-speed video flow visualization of gas-liquid flows has been performed at blind tee and venturi sections by using a purpose-built transparent test rig over a wide range of superficial liquid velocities (0.3–2.4 m/s) and gas volume fractions (10–95%). There is little ‘homogenization’ effect of the blind tee on the incoming intermittent horizontal flow regimes across the tested flow conditions, with the flow remaining intermittent but becoming more axis-symmetric and predictable in the venturi measurement section. A horizontal (blind tee) to vertical (venturi) flow-pattern transition map is proposed based on gas and liquid mass fluxes (weighted by the Baker parameters). Flow patterns can be identified from the mean and variance of a fast electrical capacitance holdup measured at the venturi throat.     

A novel method of Coriolis flowmeter phase difference measurement based on improved correlation analysis method

The shortcomings traditional phase difference extraction algorithms have such as being susceptible to noise interference, requiring full cycle conditions, leads to a decrease in phase difference extraction accuracy. To improve the accuracy of the phase difference extraction, two improved correlation analysis methods are proposed in this paper, one of which is based on the relationship between the extreme value of the cross-correlation function and the time difference, the other of which combines correlation analysis method with Hilbert transform. A simulation and experiment were set up to explore the influence of sequence length and signal-to-noise ratio on the extraction accuracy, as well as the influence of Kalman filtering. An experiment is set to compare the extraction mean error and variance of different algorithms under different phase differences. Experimental result shows that the improved algorithms have higher accuracy and stability. The feasibility of the two improved algorithms is verified.     

Measurement of steam flow rates using a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter with various wetness fractions

Most of the heat in industrial plants is supplied by steam. To minimize energy waste, measuring the steam flow rates in existing pipes is important. Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters are used for this purpose, for which the sensors are attached to the pipe wall. However, flow conditions that can be used are limited because the signal-to-noise ratio of the ultrasonic signal in a steam flow is low. Furthermore, the steam wetness increases with heat losses, which may affect measurement results. Therefore, flow rate measurements in wet steam flows using clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters have not been fully established. In this study, steam flow rates with various wetness fractions and system pressures were measured using a laboratory-made clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter. The results show that flow rates in wet steam could be determined within a 10% error under general conditions in a steam piping system, although the conversion factor from line-average to area-average velocities was calibrated in superheated conditions, and the speed of sound in saturated conditions at each pressure was used. However, the error of the flow rates tended to increase with the wetness fraction and was biased toward positive values. The speed of sound and liquid volume fraction were evaluated at different wetness fractions. The flow rate error due to the change in sound speed was less than 1%, and 1.2% of the flow rates were overestimated owing to the liquid volume fraction. The velocity distribution in wet steam was considered different from that in the superheated steam owing to the existence of the liquid phase, and the change in velocity profile may lead to an overestimation of the steam flow rates in the wet steam condition.     

HSK-100A型刀柄／主轴联接性能分析

将机床主轴与刀具相联接的刀柄是影响机床加工精度、刀具磨损及加工效率的关键部件。针对高速切削对刀柄的要求,建立了HSK-100A型刀柄的三维实体模型,同时利用有限元方法,对影响HSK-100A型刀柄／主轴联接性能的参数进行了分析,为HSK刀柄的实际应用提供一定的依据及指导。     

多约束状态下重载机械式主轴有限元建模及模态分析

重载机械式主轴是重型数控(Computer numerical control,CNC)机床摆角铣头的关键功能部件,具有大功率、大扭矩特点,用于加工大型复杂曲面零件。其有限元建模及模态分析的准确性是主轴进一步动力学分析的基础。基于Timoshenko梁理论建立重载机械式主轴的运动方程,采用有限元法得到主轴的矩阵形式的动力学方程;在有限元软件中分别以实体单元和梁单元对主轴进行有限元建模,对轴承以Combin14弹簧单元建模,并以自由模态和实际工况约束条件下进行重载机械式主轴的模态分析;根据轴承型号计算轴承的径向刚度,作为重载主轴模态分析中弹簧单元的刚度参数;进行主轴锤击模态试验,验证重载机械式主轴多约束状态下模态分析建模及仿真结果的正确性。研究表明,把主轴考虑为Timoshenko梁单元和Beam188梁单元进行主轴有限元建模和模态分析时,结果更为准确,弹簧约束梁方式更符合实际情况。研究结果为重载机械主轴系统的进一步优化设计和精度控制提供依据。     

机床主轴的机械结构模糊优化设计

采用模糊数学的方法对某机床主轴的截面尺寸进行了优化设计，在满足主轴的静态特性、动态特性和尺寸约束的条件下，使得机床主轴质量最小。在优化设计方案中考虑了影响设计的模糊因素和约束的模糊性，建立了非对称模糊优化模型，采用最优水平截集法求解，得出优化设计结论。结果证明所采用的模糊优化设计方法是比较有效的，具有实际应用价值。     

Design of a Drilling Torque Controller for a Machining Center

In the drilling process, cutting torque control through feedrate manipulation has significant benefits in prevention of tool breakage and reduction of machine tool vibration and tool wear. In this paper, a PID torque controller was designed for real time drilling torque control in a machining centre. The drilling torque was estimated from the spindle motor current and regulated by feedrate control. The plant including the feed drive system, cutting process, and spindle system was modelled for controller design. For a certain cutting condition, the Ziegler-Nichols method was used to determine the proportional gain and derivative and integral control action times of the controller. Also, the root locus plot was used to tune the proportional gain of the controller. A simple method was also suggested to obtain the tuned controller gain instead of the Ziegler-Nichols method and the root locus plot for an arbitrary cutting condition. Experimental works have been performed to verify the performance of the proposed controller. It is shown that the gain tuning is essential for enhancement of the controller performance and the designed controller can regulate the drilling torque well at a given reference level.Nomenclature G_fc(s) transfer function of combined system of feed drive and cutting process - G_s(s) transfer function of spindle system - G_p(s) transfer function of plant - G_CL(s) transfer function of closed loop system - G_con(s) transfer function of controller - _fc1, _fc2 time constants of combined system of feed drive and cutting process - _s time constant of spindle system - K controller gain - K_c cutting process gain - K_s spindle motor current gain - K_plant plant gain - K_cr critical gain - K_p proportional gain of controller - K_{p_tune} tuned proportional gain of controller - I_s spindle motor current - I_u,v,w u, v, and w phase current of spindle motor - I_idle idling current of spindle motor - damping ratio - T oscillation period of system response - T_c cutting torque - T_m motor torque - T_idle idling torque of spindle motor - T_i integral control action time - T_d derivative control action time     

基于小波变换的涡街流量计信号处理方法

涡街流量计有许多优点,应用比较广泛。但是,涡街流量计易于受到由管道振动和流场扰动引起的噪声干扰。涡待流量计中的处理电路不能保证仪表在工业现场的测量精度。本文研究基于小波变换的涡街流量计信号处理方法。本文介绍小波变换的基本原理和快速算法,分析小波滤波器的幅频特性,研究调整滤波器中心频率的方法,给出涡街信号的处理过程,进行仿真和实验测试。仿真和实验结果表明,小波变换能有效地减小了噪声影响,使频率测量的精度高,处理实时。小波变换是涡街流量计信号处理的一种新方法。     

陶瓷球轴承在高速主轴单元中的应用研究

介绍了陶瓷球轴承的特点及其在数控机床高速主轴单元中的应用现状.通过实验研究,对比分析了两种类型主轴单元的温升、振动特性,为HIPSN陶瓷球轴承的实际应用提供了一定的技术依据.