Behaviour of natural organic mater during ultrasonic irradiation

Ultrasonic irradiation has been one of the advanced oxidation methods for natural organic matter (NOM) removal. Its application simplicity and no production of toxic by-products make the system attractive. It has been shown that high power ultrasound produces strong cavitation in aqueous solution causing shock wave and reactive free radicals by the violent collapse of the cavitation bubble. These effects should contribute to the physical disruption and inactivation of microbial structures as well as to the decomposition of toxic chemicals in the water. The objective of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of low frequency – high power sonication for NOM removal (measured by both means of UV₂₅₄ absorbance and TOC) as well as controlling DBPs formation by varying irradiation time, light intensity, NOM concentration. Temperature, pH, conductivity, redox potential, and turbidity were monitored to evaluate the experimental study. The results indicate a strong capacity of sonication for NOM removal. The preliminary experiments showed that NOM removal is influenced by the intensity and time of sonication. Ultrasound, applied under such conditions, may be a realistic possibility for large-scale treatment; however, further studies should be performed to evaluate its effectiveness on different water sources.     

Electrolytic decomposition of amaranth dyestuff using diamond electrodes

The electrolytic decomposition of an amaranth dyestuff solution using several combinations of electrodes with diamond and platinum is reported. It is observed that a portion of the amaranth is decomposed on the cathode surface while the other portion is decomposed to lower molecular weight components on the anode surface. The decolourizing rate is higher at diamond electrodes used as the anode and the cathode than with other combinations. This electrode combination also shows a rapid decrease in total organic carbon concentration. Acetic acid and oxalic acid are detected as the intermediate substances, and CO₂ gas is generated as a final product corresponding to the decrease in the oxalic acid concentration.     

Improving the prediction of average total ozone in column over the Iberian Peninsula using neural networks banks

In this letter we propose a class of neural network banks to improve the performance of average total ozone in column (TOC) prediction, using real satellite data over the Iberian Peninsula. The proposed neural network banks exploit the possibility of separating the average TOC series into its known components, applying different neural networks as input to different structures which form the final bank. These neural network banks have proven to be very effective in the experiments carried out, obtaining important improvements over standard networks in the prediction of average TOC data series over the Iberian Peninsula. Also, we show that this good performance of the neural network banks is maintained when different procedures of deseasonalization are applied to the ozone measure and also to the prediction variables.     

总有机碳及其自动在线监测仪的研制

详细论述了总有机碳的基本概念以及在环境监测中的应用。介绍了总有机碳的各几种测定方法，水中总有机碳与COD、BOD间的相互比较，确定总有机碳与COD、BOD间的相关关系。根据对已售总有机碳自动在线监测仪的调研，确定了采用紫外催化．过硫酸钾氧化法测定水中总有机碳的技术路线，开发研制了适合我国国情的水中总有机碳自动在线监测仪。通过大量试验证明，该仪器完全满足《总有机碳（TOC）水质自动分析仪技术要求》（HJ／T104-2003）的要求。     

MRPII、JIT、TOC生产计划与控制比较研究

在对MRPII、JIT、TOC三种生产管理思想的适用性和优缺点分析、比较的基础上,在生产计 划与控制的不同层面,根据不同要求,对MRPII、JIT、TOC 进行了定位分析,并把MRPII定 位在厂级或企业级,负责主生产计划、物料需求及各车间零部件的月、周计划;TOC定位在车 间级,负责车间或工段工序日作业计划与调度、物料的投放;JIT定位在生产现场,负责作业 计划的执行、生产的控制和现场的反馈。     

Ozonation of naphthalene sulfonic acids in aqueous solutions: part II--relationships of their COD,TOC removal and the frontier orbital energies

This paper evaluated the COD, TOC removal and molecular frontier energies in the ozonation of naphthalene sulfonic acids (NSAs). It was found that both COD and TOC degradation of the 11 compounds followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic and the reaction rate constants with ozone varied widely. A linear relationship between logarithm of global COD degradation rate constant and the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbit, E(homo), was obtained for these NSAs with a regression coefficient of 0.88 and a slope of 0.4672 eV(-1). TOC degradation kinetics also reached similar results with a regression coefficient of 0.90 and a slope of 0.9336 eV(-1). The results of correlation analysis suggested that TOC and COD removal in ozonation of NSAs follow the frontier orbital theory and can be predicted by E(homo), which indicated that electrophilic effect was the main factor in the ozonation of NSAs. Therefore, it is possible to improve the biodegradability of dyestuff wastewater bearing mainly NSAs by ozonation at an accepted cost and evaluate the economy of ozonation process.     

Estimating Total Organic Carbon Content and Source Rock Evaluation,Applying ΔlogR and Neural Network Methods: Ahwaz and Marun Oilfields,SW of Iran

Abstract

Well logging is a useful method for sedimentary basin and source rock evaluation. Source rocks have special responses in porosity and resistivity logs that can make them distinguishable from surrounding rocks. Therefore, well logging data and diagrams can be used as indicators of determination of source rock potential. Characterizations of Kazhdomi, Pabdeh, and Gurpi source rocks have been determined by geochemical analysis in some Iranian oilfields, but no total organic carbon (TOC) zonation and interpretation have been carried out in these formations yet. Several studies have confirmed the petroleum potential of the Kazhdomi formation in Dezful Embayment, but Pabdeh formation (more significant) and Gurpi (less significant) have been always the topics of Iranian petroleum geologist discussions in order to deermine whether these formations have the potential of generating oil and what the organic matter properties of these formations are. The purpose of this article is to calculate TOC values of the Pabdeh formation in Ahwaz and Marun oilfields using a combination of sonic and resistivity logs (ΔlogR method) and a neural network method. Then these TOC values were compared with TOC from geochemical analysis. Finally, the zonations of source rock in terms of TOC richness were carried out and TOC changes in the oilfields were shown by plotting Iso-TOC maps. It was found that due to the high local temperature gradient Pabdeh reaches an oil window level in some parts of Ahwaz and Marun oilfields. Hence, Pabdeh acts as a source rock for these two oilfields in some sections.     

Degradation of microcystin-RR in water by chlorine dioxide

Due to the potent hepatotoxicity and tumor-promoting activity of microcystins, a successful removal of these toxins during drinking water treatment processes is of increasing concern. The oxidation kinetics of MC-RR by chlorine dioxide (C1O2)was studied with HPLC and characterization of the reacdon products was performed with UV-spectrometry, TOC and LC-MS. Our experimental results show that the oxidation process is a second order overall and a first order with respect to C1O2 and MC-RR.The activation energy of MC-RR degradation by C1O2 is 53.07 kJ/mol. The rate constant k of the action can be increased by increasing temperature and decreasing pH value and ranged from 6. 11x102 L/(mol.min) to 5.29x 102 L/(mol-min) at pH from 3.44 to 10.41 at 10 ℃. Reaction products were determined to be organic and volatile, because they could be almost removed from aqueous solution by heating for 15 min at 60 ℃. In addition, the main oxidation products have m/z values of 1072 and are identified as dihydroxy isomers of MC-RR.     

Antioxidant activity of stem and root extracts of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes): An edible medicinal plant

The antioxidant activity of chloroform and methanol extract of roots and stems of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.), which are used for medicinal purposes and also its fresh stems and petioles are consumed as vegetable, was studied. The antioxidant potential of both extracts of roots and stems were evaluated using different antioxidant tests, namely total antioxidant (lipid peroxidation inhibition activity), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and cupric reducing power (CUPRAC), and metal chelating activities. Total antioxidant activity was also measured according to the β-carotene bleaching method, and all four extracts exhibited stronger activity than known standards, namely butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and α-tocopherol. Particularly, higher activity was exhibited by roots with 93.1% and 84.1% inhibitions of chloroform and methanol extracts, while 82.2% and 82.0% inhibitions by stem extracts, respectively. However, both methanol extracts exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than the corresponding chloroform extracts, moreover, methanol extract of the stems showed better activity than BHT. In addition, both root extracts showed more potent superoxide anion radical scavenging activity than BHT, and comparable with well known radical scavenger l-ascorbic acid. Except chloroform extract of the roots, the other three extracts exhibited better metal chelating activity than quercetin. Also, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in both extracts of the roots and stems of R. ribes were determined as pyrocatechol and quercetin equivalents, respectively.     

Evaluation of the nature,origin and potentiality of the subsurface Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous source rocks in Melleiha G-1x well,North Western Desert,Egypt

The present work aims to evaluate the nature and origin of the source rock potentiality of subsurface Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous source rocks in Melleiha G-1x well. This target was achieved throughout the evaluation of total organic carbon, rock Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance for fifteen cutting samples and three extract samples collected from Khatatba, Alam El Bueib and Kharita formations in the studied well. The result revealed that the main hydrocarbon of source rocks, for the Middle Jurassic (Khatatba Fm.) is mainly mature, and has good capability of producing oil and minor gas. Lower Cretaceous source rocks (Alam El Bueib Fm.) are mature, derived from mixed organic sources and have fair to good capability to generate gas and oil. Kharita Formation of immature source rocks originated from terrestrial origin and has poor to fair potential to produce gas. This indicates that Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations take the direction of increasing maturity far away from the direction of biodegradation and can be considered as effective source potential in the Melleiha G-1x well.