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111.
P. Ravirajan S.A. Haque J.R. Durrant D.D.C. Bradley J. Nelson 《Advanced functional materials》2005,15(4):609-618
We report a study of the effects of polymer optoelectronic properties on the performance of photovoltaic devices consisting of nanocrystalline TiO2 and a conjugated polymer. Three different poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexoxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (MEH‐PPV)‐based polymers and a fluorene–bithiophene copolymer are compared. We use photoluminescence quenching, time‐of‐flight mobility measurements, and optical spectroscopy to characterize the exciton‐transport, charge‐transport, and light‐harvesting properties, respectively, of the polymers, and correlate these material properties with photovoltaic‐device performance. We find that photocurrent is primarily limited by the photogeneration rate and by the quality of the interfaces, rather than by hole transport in the polymer. We have also studied the photovoltaic performance of these TiO2/polymer devices as a function of the fabrication route and device design. Including a dip‐coating step before spin‐coating the polymer leads to excellent polymer penetration into highly structured TiO2 networks, as was confirmed through transient optical measurements of the photoinduced charge‐transfer yield and recombination kinetics. Device performance is further improved for all material combinations studied, by introducing a layer of poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) under the top contact. Optimized devices incorporating the additional dip‐coated and PEDOT:PSS layers produced a short‐circuit current density of about 1 mA cm–2, a fill factor of 0.50, and an open‐circuit voltage of 0.86 V under simulated AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm–2, 1 sun). The corresponding power conversion efficiency under 1 sun was ≥ 0.4 %. 相似文献
112.
A silicide coating was prepared on Ti3SiC2-based ceramic by pack cementation to improve the oxidation resistance of Ti3SiC2, which is a technologically important material for high temperature applications. The microstructure, phase composition and
oxidation resistance of the coated sample were investigated. The results demonstrated that the silicide coating was mainly
composed of TiSi2 and SiC. A single layer of a mixture of SiO2 and TiO2 was formed on the surface of the coated sample during isothermal oxidation at 1100 °C and 1200 °C for 20h. Compared to Ti3SiC2, the parabolic rate constant of silicide coated Ti3SiC2 decreased by 2~3 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the coated sample showed much better cyclic oxidation resistance than
Ti3SiC2 during the cyclic oxidation at 1100 °C for 400 times. However, during the preparation of the coating, a number of fine cracks
formed in the outer layer of the coating. When these cracks penetrated the whole coating during the cyclic oxidation, the
oxidation rate was accelerated, which degraded the oxidation resistance.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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116.
热释电系数的测量方法 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
描述热释电系数的两种测量方法。其一为电荷积分法,测试系统简单,测量数据准确,且能满足零电场条件下的测量。其二为动态电流法,采用调制热源技术,研究在特定温度条件下热释电材料的动态热释电响应。 相似文献
117.
电流模式n阶传输函数的OA-OTA实现 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
马云辉 《固体电子学研究与进展》2002,22(3):294-296,360
提出了一种新的实现任意 n阶电流模式传输函数的网络结构。该电路仅含运算放大器 (OA)和运算跨导放大器 (OTA)有源器件 ,因而适于全集成。适当设置 OTA的跨导值能实现任意高阶传输函数 ,且传输函数的系数可独立调整。文中推导了滤波器的设计公式 ,并给出了截止频率为 1 0 0 k Hz的三阶巴特沃斯低通滤波器实例 ,PSPICE仿真结果表明所提电路及设计公式是正确的 相似文献
118.
Hiroaki Yamada Toshihiko Tanaka Shigeyuki Funabiki 《Electrical Engineering in Japan》2006,157(4):56-65
This paper proposes a novel method of suppressing the inrush current of transformers. A small‐rated voltage‐source PWM converter is connected in series to the transformers through a matching transformer. As the connected PWM converter serves as a resistor for the source current, no inrush phenomena occurs. The required rating of the PWM converter, which serves as the damping resistor for the inrush phenomena, is 1/400 that of the main transformers in single‐phase circuits. In three‐phase circuits, it is 1/900. The basic principle of the proposed method is discussed. Digital computer simulation is implemented to confirm the validity and excellent practicability of the proposed method using the PSCAD/EMTDC. A prototype experimental model is constructed and tested. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can perfectly suppress the inrush phenomena. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(4): 56–65, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20174 相似文献
119.
An effective system control method is presented for applying a three‐phase current‐source PWM converter with a deadbeat controller to active power filters (APFs). In the shunt‐type configuration, the APF is controlled such that the current drawn by the APF from the utility is equal to the current harmonics and reactive current required for the load. To attain the time‐optimal response of the APF supply current, a two‐dimensional deadbeat control scheme is applied to APF current control. Furthermore, in order to cancel both the delay in the two‐dimensional deadbeat control scheme and the delay in DSP control strategy, an Adaptive Line Enhancer (ALE) is introduced in order to predict the desired value three sampling periods ahead. ALE has another function of bringing robustness to the deadbeat control system. Due to the ALE, settling time is made short in a transient state. On the other hand, total harmonic distortion (THD) of source currents can be minimized compared to the case where ideal identification of the controlled system can be made. The experimental results obtained from the DSP‐based APF are also reported. The compensating ability of this APF is very high in accuracy and responsiveness although the modulation frequency is rather low. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 50–61, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20014 相似文献
120.
Thermodynamic analysis of solar photovoltaic cell systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ahmet Duran Sahin Ibrahim Dincer Marc A. Rosen 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2007,91(2-3):153-159
The thermodynamic characteristics of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are investigated from a perspective based on exergy. A new efficiency is developed that is useful in studying PV performance and possible improvements. Exergy analysis is applied to a PV system and its components, and exergy flows, losses and efficiencies are evaluated. Energy efficiency is seen to vary between 7% and 12% during the day. In contrast, exergy efficiencies, which incorporate the second law of thermodynamics and account for solar irradiation exergy values, are lower for electricity generation using the considered PV system, ranging from 2% to 8%. Values of “fill factors” are determined for the system and observed to be similar to values of exergy efficiency. 相似文献