A volitional help sheet to encourage smoking cessation: A randomized exploratory trial.

Objective: The volitional help sheet draws on Gollwitzer's (1993) concept of implementation intentions by encouraging smokers to link temptations to smoke with appropriate behavioral responses derived from Prochaska and DiClemente's (1983) transtheoretical model. Design: There were 193 smokers who were randomly allocated to receive questionnaires, planning instruction, and a volitional help sheet or one of three control conditions: Questionnaire-only; questionnaire plus planning instruction; or questionnaire, planning instruction plus volitional help sheet without the explicit instruction to link temptations to smoke with appropriate behavioral responses. Main Outcome Measures: Nicotine dependence, number of cigarettes smoked and quit status. Results: Findings revealed significant decreases in nicotine dependence, number of cigarettes smoked, and increases in quitting in the volitional help sheet condition, relative to the control conditions, Fs(3, 189) = 7.48 to 10.78, ps ps = .11 to .15. This pattern of findings did not hold for social?cognitive variables, with few differences between the volitional help sheet (standard instructions) group and the other conditions. Conclusion: The findings provide support for the use of implementation intentions to protect against health risk behaviors and are congruent with laboratory research showing that implementation intentions are a case of strategic automaticity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitudes toward intimate partner violence in dating relationships.

Prevention of intimate partner violence on college campuses includes programs designed to change attitudes, and hence, a scale that assesses such attitudes is needed. Study 1 (N = 859) cross validates the factor structure of the Intimate Partner Violence Attitude Scale-Revised using exploratory factor analysis and presents initial validity data on the scale. In Study 2 (N = 687), the obtained three-factor structure (Abuse, Control, Violence) is tested using confirmatory factor analysis, and it is shown to be concurrently related to assault in romantic relationships and to predict psychological aggression 14 weeks later. The findings are discussed in the context of how understanding and modifying attitudes assessed by the Intimate Partner Violence Attitude Scale-Revised may improve interventions aimed at reducing intimate partner violence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Integrating dispositions, signatures, and the interpersonal domain.

A person's behavior across situations can be characterized in terms of a mean level (disposition), a dispersion within the person around that mean level, and a stable organization to the pattern of dispersion (signature). The authors' goals were to examine the structure and stability of behavior, both at the level of behavioral dispositions and at the level of behavioral signatures. Participants completed event-contingent records of their social interactions over a 20-day period. Participants recorded their own social behavior (dominant, agreeable, submissive, quarrelsome) in 4 situations defined by the perceived social behavior of their primary interaction partners (agreeable-dominant, agreeable-submissive, quarrelsome- submissive, quarrelsome-dominant). Findings suggest that (a) once the normative influences of situations on behavior are removed, the remaining behavioral variation reflects both consistent cross-situational differences between individuals (dispositions) and consistent situational differences within individuals (signatures); (b) both dispositions and signatures display a 2-dimensional structure in adherence to the interpersonal circle; and (c) both dispositions and signatures constitute stable aspects of personality functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Accuracy and awareness in the perception and categorization of male sexual orientation.

For clear and unambiguous social categories, person perception occurs quite accurately from minimal cues. This article addresses the perception of an ambiguous social category (male sexual orientation) from minimal cues. Across 5 studies, the authors examined individuals' actual and self-assessed accuracy when judging male sexual orientation from faces and facial features. Although participants were able to make accurate judgments from multiple facial features (i.e., hair, the eyes, and the mouth area), their perceived accuracy was calibrated with their actual accuracy only when making judgments based on hairstyle, a controllable feature. These findings provide evidence that suggests different processes for extracting social category information during perception: explicit judgments based on obvious cues (hairstyle) and intuitive judgments based on nonobvious cues (information from the eyes and mouth area). Differences in the accuracy of judgments based on targets' controllability and perceivers' awareness of cues provides insight into the processes underlying intuitive predictions and intuitive judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Affective divergence: Automatic responses to others' emotions depend on group membership.

Extant research suggests that targets' emotion expressions automatically evoke similar affect in perceivers. The authors hypothesized that the automatic impact of emotion expressions depends on group membership. In Experiments 1 and 2, an affective priming paradigm was used to measure immediate and preconscious affective responses to same-race or other-race emotion expressions. In Experiment 3, spontaneous vocal affect was measured as participants described the emotions of an ingroup or outgroup sports team fan. In these experiments, immediate and spontaneous affective responses depended on whether the emotional target was ingroup or outgroup. Positive responses to fear expressions and negative responses to joy expressions were observed in outgroup perceivers, relative to ingroup perceivers. In Experiments 4 and 5, discrete emotional responses were examined. In a lexical decision task (Experiment 4), facial expressions of joy elicited fear in outgroup perceivers, relative to ingroup perceivers. In contrast, facial expressions of fear elicited less fear in outgroup than in ingroup perceivers. In Experiment 5, felt dominance mediated emotional responses to ingroup and outgroup vocal emotion. These data support a signal-value model in which emotion expressions signal environmental conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A validity study of functionally-based behavioral consultation with students with emotional/behavioral disabilities.

Eighteen students (K-11th grade) with emotional/behavioral disorders who were at-risk for change of placement to more restrictive settings participated. Construct validity of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) was assessed with a multifunction-multimethod matrix that showed excellent convergent and divergent agreement with combined FBA methods and functional analysis results. Treatment validity was assessed with random assignment to either a FBA with consultation condition (FBC) or to a behavioral consultation without FBA condition (BC). Growth curve analysis showed a significant decrease in inappropriate behavior from baseline to treatment for both treatment groups compared to a control group. The efficiency of teachers' implementation effected treatment validity. Effect sizes showed that regardless of treatment condition that interventions with good fidelity realized the largest effect (d = -1.14). Social and habilitative validity was assessed with telephone interviews conducted a year after treatment. Sixty-five percent attributed the students' problem behaviors to their thoughts or feelings, whereas only 25% attributed it to classroom variables. Many (57%) indicated the most helpful intervention would be individual counseling, whereas only 14% indicated a more involved classroom management plan would be useful. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

铁水中微量元素对炼钢工艺的影响

水钢采用低比例的钒钛矿高炉炼铁,获得含有钒钛等微量元素的铁水,其性质既不同于一般铁水,也不同于高钒钛铁水,为了弄清这些微量元素对转炉炼钢工艺的影响,分析了钒钛钢渣的物相、熔化性,用高频感应炉模拟转炉吹炼过程并结合生产试验得知：1）普通铁水的碳焰温度为1 370～1 400℃,水钢铁水的碳焰温度为1 400～1 430℃,比普通铁水高约30℃;2）在较小的供氧速度下,铁水中的钛、硅、锰可与碳分阶段氧化;3）含有TiO2炉渣的发泡能力、储泡能力强于不含TiO2的炉渣,炉渣中的CO反应性气泡使炉渣的发泡更加严重;4）在转炉吹炼前中期,炉渣中过高的FeO、较低的碱度,炉渣中大量的C-FeO反应,以及含有TiO2炉渣的储泡性质,是喷溅的主要原因。     

TC4钛合金表面微弧氧化陶瓷涂层的摩擦学行为

在硅酸盐体系碱性溶液中,采用交流微弧氧化法在TC4钛合金基体上制备出氧化物陶瓷膜,并通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜分析了膜层的物相组成、微观结构和显微形貌。用HIT-2型球-盘摩擦磨损试验机对其耐磨性能进行了测试,分析陶瓷涂层的摩擦学行为。结果表明:微弧氧化陶瓷膜层同GCr15对摩钢球干摩擦时的摩擦系数仅为0.09左右,表面的磨损痕迹较轻微,磨损量较少,其磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损与黏着磨损;且由于在磨损过程中对摩材料转移到微弧氧化陶瓷层表面,在磨损后期呈现钢-钢对磨的规律;微弧氧化技术能够改善TC4钛合金基体的表面耐磨性。     

“三软”厚煤层采场矿压显现规律研究

教学三矿属于三软煤层开采矿井,对其工作面进行了长达3个月的现场观测,实测了液压支柱下缩量、工作面顶板位移量、顶板的来压强度及巷道变形破坏参数,分析出了在三软煤层中,顶板变形、采场顶板运动特性及支承压力分布规律。结论显示,三软煤层来压步距不大,矿山压力显现较弱,周期来压时巷道变形量较大。针对目前顶板的支护状况和顶板潜在危险,提出了合理的支护措施,为加强工作面顶板管理、保证安全开采提供了科学依据。     

窄条带厚煤层老顶来压规律

窄条带厚煤层工作面初采期间老顶活动频繁,顶板管理困难,安全隐患较大,通过对济三矿13下05C综放面初次放顶的矿压观测分析研究,为类似条件工作面巷道布置、顶板管理、矿压规律研究等起到了很好的借鉴作用。