一起爆破事故的原因分析

某公司在土石方爆破中发生重大事故.经对该事故进行分析认为,拟爆岩体地质结构比较特殊,爆破施工设计不合理等是导致爆破飞石产生的主要原因,而安全管理措施未落实则加大了事故的损失程度.得出几点启示供爆破工程人员参考,以避免类似事故的发生.     

Safe pedestrian crossings for children and elderly

In May 2000, the Swedish code governing the conduct of drivers at marked crosswalks became stricter with the intent to improve safety and mobility for pedestrians. A crash analysis based on a macro study of all of Sweden suggests that the injury risk in marked, not reconstructed, crosswalks increased by 27% for pedestrians and 19% for bicyclists. The reason for this may be that pedestrians get a false sense of safety with the new code. Reconstructions aiming at lowering speeds are indeed needed for the change of code to be positive. The 90-percentile speed should not exceed 30 km/h or safety will deteriorate. However, low speed by itself may not guarantee optimal safety. Safety can be further improved at sites, which already have been reconstructed to ensure low speeds. Results based on field data collected at sites close to schools in Malm?, Trollh?ttan and Bor?s in Sweden, and in-depth studies and other analyses of Finnish and Swedish police-reported crashes, suggest that safety of children and elderly is further improved at sites where visibility, orientation and clarity are sufficient. Also, marking crosswalks may increase yield rates (expected improvement 6%) towards pedestrians; and speed cushions situated at a longer distance from the marked crosswalk increase yield rates towards pedestrians and cyclists compared to speed cushions closer by.     

Cross-cultural differences in driving skills: a comparison of six countries

The first aim of the present study was to investigate the applicability of the two-factor structure (perceptual-motor skills by 11 items, e.g., "fluent driving"; safety skills by 9 items, e.g., "conforming to the speed limits") of the Driver Skill Inventory (DSI) among British, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Iranian, and Turkish drivers. It was also hypothesized that the combination of self reported high ratings of perceptual-motor skills and low ratings of safety skills creates a serious risk for dangerous driving and road accident involvement. The second aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate this asymmetric relationship between perceptual-motor and safety skills in traffic penalties and accident involvement. Two hundred and forty two drivers were chosen from each of the six countries, matched for age and sex. The results of exploratory factor analyses together with target rotation showed that the two-factor structure of DSI found in "safe" Northern and Western European countries were highly congruent. However, the safety skills factor of DSI in Greece, Iran, and Turkey was relatively incongruent in spite of high factor similarity found in perceptual-motor skills. The asymmetric relationship between perceptual-motor and safety skills on traffic penalties was found in Finland and Turkey. A negative relationship between safety skills and the number of accidents was found both in Greece and Iran while a positive relationship between perceptual-motor skills and the number of accidents was found only in Iran.     

±500 kV换流站直流分压器外绝缘闪络事故分析及处理措施

对±500 kV江陵和龙泉换流站直流分压器的外绝缘闪络事故进行了分析,指出该分压器发生闪络事故的原因:一是复合套管的憎水性完全丧失;二是复合套管的均压环结构不合理;三是复合套管的伞裙形状参数特性较差。发生闪络事故的主要原因是复合套管的憎水性完全丧失,其次是均压环结构不合理。在此基础上,针对分压器的结构和事故性质,提出从根本上解决问题的思路:应按所要求的电气、机械和憎水性能来选用复合套管外绝缘材料;按上下均压环中心距离和均压环直径能保证复合套管的爬电距离和干弧距离的有效性与设计值接近这一主要原则来重新设计均压环;建议复合套管的伞伸出大于或等于70 mm,伞间距至少为70 mm来重新设计伞形。同时,建议可以采取在复合套管的外绝缘表面上涂覆防污闪涂料PRTV(permanent room temperature vulcanizedanti-contamination flashover composite coating)来提高外绝缘强度处理措施。     

基于坐标转换的单幅画面测量研究

常规的摄影测量方法一般采用量测照相机,或用非量测照相机进行不同位置两次拍摄画面测量,而对于视频监控拍摄的单幅画面,这些方法无法进行测量计算。利用现场上已有的固定物体或事后安放在现场上的测量装置,建立现实世界的三维坐标系,并把它通过坐标转换,成为监控画面的二维坐标系,采用单幅画面就可以测量和计算出被测物各点的坐标值,从而计算出视频监控图像中嫌疑人的身高、有关物品的大小、肇事车辆的车速。     

电网事故原因分类浅析及其预防策略

通过对历年电网事故,特别是近年来国内外重大停电事故分析总结,认识到引起电网停电事故的几类主要因素,即自然因素、设备因素、人为因素、网架因素、市场因素。针对各类因素的特性,结合相应的事故案例,分析各因素对电网停电事故的影响。以预防电网事故为主要目标,提出应对各类事故因素的措施,并结合国内现状提出若干建议和设想。     

2011年中国核电发展状况、未来趋势及政策建议

2011年我国核电行业获得较快发展,核电装机及发电量显著增加,各机组总体运行稳定,核电设备国产化大步前进、装备制造能力及建设安装能力快速提升。我国实验快堆实现并网运行,先进核电技术获得突破。尽管存在日本福岛311核事故影响,我国核电发展暂时减缓。由于我们进行了认真的总结、反思及采取相应措施,总体上有利于我国核电行业的长期健康发展,未来我国核电发展预期前景依然光明。     

氢气长管拖车运输定量风险分析

随着氢能源的发展及氢气长管拖车的大量使用,氢气长管拖车的安全越来越受到人们的重视,为了对氢气长管拖车运输的风险进行评估,采用了事件树方法对事故频率进行分析,并结合氢气泄漏的喷射火、爆炸事故模型,对事故后果进行量化分析,得出不同事故场景对氢气长管拖车的影响范围,最后根据频率与后果的乘积计算出不同事故场景的风险值,并将此风险指标值与公众可接受风险指标进行比较,得出氢气长管拖车运输风险是否可接受。通过实例应用,为氢气运输进一步的定量风险分析提供了有效的思路和方法。     

Pay as You Speed,ISA with incentives for not speeding: A case of test driver recruitment

The Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) project we describe in this article is based on Pay as You Drive principles. These principles assume that the ISA equipment informs a driver of the speed limit, warns the driver when speeding and calculates penalty points. Each penalty point entails the reduction of a 30% discount on the driver's car insurance premium, which therefore produced the name, Pay as You Speed. The ISA equipment consists of a GPS-based On Board Unit with a mobile phone connection to a web server. The project was planned for a three-year test period with 300 young car drivers, but it never succeeded in recruiting that number of drivers. After several design changes, the project eventually went forward with 153 test drivers of all ages. This number represents approximately one thousandth of all car owners in the proving ground of North Jutland in Denmark. Furthermore the project was terminated before its scheduled closing date. This article describes the project with an emphasis on recruitment efforts and the project's progress. We include a discussion of possible explanations for the failure to recruit volunteers for the project and reflect upon the general barriers to using ISA with ordinary drivers.