REACTION ENHANCED VAPORIZATION OF MOLTEN SALT

Vaporization of molten salts results in serious problems in the operation of many combustion systems. Salt vaporization of special importance in the burning of kraft black liquor, where combustion occurs in a molten Na₂S/Na₂CO₃ environment.

In this paper, it is shown that the vaporization of alkali carbonate during air oxidation of Na₂S/Na₂CO₃ results from Na oxidation in the gas phase. Oxidation of Na in the gas phase significantly lowers the partial pressure of Na. Since the driving force for vaporization is the difference between the equilibrium vapor pressure of Na at the gas-melt interface and the partial pressure of Na in the gas phase, this reduction in partial pressure of Na significantly increases Na vaporization rates and allows fuming to proceed with only mild reducing conditions in the melt.     

自启动全炉汽化冷却装置

洛阳钢厂二轧分厂加热炉自启动全炉汽化冷却装置，汽包正常水位与最低炉底管中心标高差仅为２．５７ｍ。占用空间少，系统结构简单，非常有利于旧炉改造。一年多的运行实践证明，该装置操作简单、维护方便、安全可靠、年节约新水１００余万ｔ。     

A practical density equation for saturated vapor of helium-3 from 0.01 K to the critical point

Based on the ideal gas state equation and the saturated vapor pressure equation of helium-3, a saturated vapor density equation is proposed, which can be applied for calculating the saturated vapor density of helium-3 from 0.01 K to the critical temperature. Above 1.4 K, the average deviation between the results by this equation and experimental data is about 0.66% and the maximum is 2%. Below 1.4 K, the results of this work show a comfortable agreement with those by virial state equation (the deviations are generally within 0.1%). Based on this new vapor density equation, the compressibility factor of saturated vapor is determined and the vaporization heat is calculated.