Modeling and performance analysis of an absorption chiller with a microchannel membrane‐based absorber using LiBr‐H2O,LiCl‐H2O,and LiNO3‐NH3

In order to develop compact absorption refrigeration cycles driven by low heat sources, the simulated performance of a microchannel absorber of 5‐cm length and 9.5 cm³ in volume provided with a porous membrane is presented for 3 different solution‐refrigerant pairs: LiBr‐H₂O, LiCl‐H₂O, and LiNO₃‐NH₃. The high absorption rates calculated for the 3 solutions lead to large cooling effect to absorber volume ratios: 625 kW/m³ for the LiNO₃‐NH₃, 552 kW/m³ for the LiBr‐H₂O, and 318 kW/m³ for the LiCl‐H₂O solutions given the studied geometry. The performance of a complete absorption system is also analyzed varying the solution concentration, condensation temperature, and desorption temperature. The LiNO₃‐NH₃ and the LiBr‐H₂O solutions provide the largest cooling effects. The LiNO₃‐NH₃ can work at a lower temperature of the heating source, in comparison with the one needed in a LiBr‐H₂O system. The lowest cooling effect and coefficient of performance are found for the LiCl‐H₂O solution, but this mixture allows the use of lower temperature heating sources (below 70°C). These results can be used for the selection of the most suitable solution for a given cooling duty, depending on the available heat source and condensation temperature.     

Novel taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets for a highly soluble drug with an extremely bitter taste: design rationale and evaluation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the taste masking potential of novel solid dispersions (SDs) using Eudragit^® EPO as the excipient when incorporated into the orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) for delivering a highly soluble drug with an extremely bitter taste. The pyridostigmine bromides (PB) SDs (PBSDs) were prepared by solvent evaporation–deposition method. The physicochemical properties of PBSDs were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The dissolution test showed that only about 8% of PB was released from PBSDs in the simulated salivary fluid in 30 s. Therefore, PBSDs were considered taste-masked and selected for formulation of PBODTs. A central composite design was employed for process optimization. Multiple linear regression analysis for process optimization revealed that the optimal PBODTs were obtained, when the microcrystalline cellulose and crospovidone were 17.16 and 5.55 (%, w/w), respectively, and the average in vivo disintegration time was 25 s. The bitterness threshold of PB was examined by a sensory test, and the threshold value was set as 3?mg in each tablet. Taste evaluation of PBODTs in 18 volunteers revealed considerable taste masking with bitterness below the threshold value. PBODTs also revealed rapid drug release (around 99%, 2?min) in the simulated gastric fluid. The mean PB plasma concentration–time profiles of PBODTs and that of the commercial tablets were comparable, with closely similar pattern. Bioequivalence assessment results demonstrated that PBODTs and the commercial tablets were bioequivalent. In conclusion, PBODTs are prepared successfully, with taste masking and rapid disintegration in the oral cavity.     

氯尼达明的合成工艺改进

以苯肼及2,4-二氯甲苯为起始原料,苯肼经乙酰化,然后与水合氯醛、盐酸羟胺及硫酸钠反应生成N-乙酰氨基肟基乙酰苯胺,再经Beckmann重排,缩环,水解生成1H-吲唑-3-羧酸;2,4-二氯甲苯与NBS,在AIBN的催化下生成2,4-二氯溴苄,然后与1H-吲唑-3-羧酸反应生成氯尼达明。通过单因素实验和正交实验考察了N-乙酰氨基肟基乙酰苯胺的合成工艺,确定了最佳工艺条件:物料配比n(N-乙酰苯肼)∶n(水合氯醛)∶n(硫酸钠)=1∶1.3∶8.5,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为13 min,在该条件下,产物收率达86.9%,氯尼达明的总收率为31.2%。产物结构经红外、核磁和质谱进行了表征确定。     

Carbon nanotube–polyaniline composites

The last decade has seen a growing interest in hybrid electrically conducting nanocomposites. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of the present status of research in carbon nanotube–polyaniline (CNT/PANI) composites, from processing to structural and property evaluations. CNT/PANI are synthesized by electrochemical and chemical processing. When chemical methods are used, the main challenge is to obtain processable CNT/PANI in the emeraldine salt (ES) form composites. Stable dispersions of ES–CNT in organic media are prepared using the post doping method, inverse emulsion polymerization, or ex situ polymerizations. On the contrary, stable water dispersions of CNT/ES are prepared using hydrophilization of a preformed CNT/ES composite, direct synthesis of micelle–CNT hybrid templates, interfacial polymerization, covalent functionalization of CNT with a water soluble polymer, or using electrostatic interactions between two oppositely charged ES and CNT aqueous colloids. Moreover, the strategies for the synthesis of ternary CNT/PANI composites incorporating noble metal nanoparticles, metal oxide, or graphene sheets are also presented and analyzed in depth. Finally, we give a review of potential applications, including chemical sensors, capacitors, fuel cells and electronic devices.     

邻溴苯硼酸的合成研究

以邻溴苯胺为原料通过重氮化,碘代反应合成了邻溴碘苯,收率83%（HPLC纯度99.5%）;然后再与异丙基溴化镁反应生成邻溴苯基溴化镁,再与硼酸三甲酯进行亲核取代、水解生成邻溴苯硼酸,收率59.3%（HPLC纯度99.6%）。     

溴化环氧/酚类固化剂固化体系的研究

由线型酚醛树脂/溴化环氧(A80)制备的板材不仅具有高的耐热性,而且在耐高温变色性、介电性能方面也有明显的改善,从而满足环氧覆铜板高性能化的要求,是一类具有广阔应用前景的环氧树脂固化剂.采用动态DSC方法研究了促进剂种类、促进剂用量对A80/Novolac、A80/线型双酚A酚醛(BPAN)和A80/线型双酚F酚醛(BPFN)体系固化反应的影响规律,并确定了固化工艺条件.结果表明BPFN、BPAN和Novolac作为溴化环氧A80的固化剂,在不加促进剂时,固化反应温度较高(超过200℃),而且反应速率很慢;促进剂2,4,6-三(二甲胺基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30)、六次甲基四胺(HMTA)和2-甲基咪唑(2-MZ)对三种线型酚醛/A80环氧体系的固化均有促进作用,随温度升高凝胶时间对数线性下降,随促进剂用量增大凝胶时间对数-温度曲线向低温方向平移;以2-MZ(0.1phr)作为促进剂,三种线型酚醛固化A80体系的固化反应放热峰的峰顶温度均为155 ℃左右,其中A80/BPFN体系的固化温度范围较宽,约55℃.     

金在氯化钠-氯化亚锡-罗丹明B体系中的浮选行为与机理

研究了在氯化钠存在下,在氯化亚锡-罗丹明B体系中金的浮选行为;在盐酸介质中,对10．0～100．0μg／10ml的金,浮选率为96．4％～99．1％,并与常见贱金属分离。文中测定了浮选物的组成,并结合红外光谱、吸收光谱提出浮选是基于离子缔合物形成机理,浮选物是一种非常规化学计量的大分子复杂加合物。     

不同工艺有机插层蛭石的制备及表征

以2倍蛭石阳离子交换容量的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为插层剂,利用热液搅拌法、球磨法、煮沸法、熔融搅拌法等4种不同工艺对蛭石进行插层处理.对有机插层后的蛭石进行了粉晶X射线衍射、Fourier变换红外光谱和热重分析表征.结果表明:不同插层工艺会导致有机插层蛭石的层间距及微结构的变化.随着层间距的增大,蛭石层间的有机相含量逐渐增大.     

聚乙烯醇/改性纳米蒙脱土复合材料的制备与性能

纳米蒙脱土(MMT)用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵进行改性制得有机改性的MMT(OMMT),用其作为聚乙烯醇(PVAL)的改性材料,采用溶液共混、流涎成膜制得PLA/OMMT复合材料,考察了OMMT的用量对PVAL复合材料性能的影响。用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)仪、差示扫描量热仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、万能力学试验机等对复合材料性能及结构进行表征和分析。结果表明,FTIR显示十六烷基三甲基溴化铵成功进入MMT结构中,OMMT成功制得;随着OMMT添加量的增加,复合材料热稳定性提高,断裂伸长率降低,拉伸强度呈现先增加后降低趋势,当其含量为9%时达到最大;SEM显示OMMT含量9%时,OMMT与PVAL相容性最好,表面光滑,含量再增加,出现团聚现象,力学性能受到影响。     

三氧化铀中微量氟、氯、溴的测定

为了准确测定三氧化铀中氟、氯、溴的含量,建立了用高温水解法处理样品、离子选择电极法同时测定三氧化铀中F-,Cl-,Br-的方法.对影响高温水解反应的因素:水解温度、水解时间、水浴温度、空气流量、馏分体积等进行了条件实验.结果表明,用本法分析三氧化铀中的F-,Cl-,Br-的相对标准偏差均优于10%,F-,Cl-,Br-的重加回收率分别为85%～100%,90%～100%,45%～55%.