贯筋藤凝乳剂对小鼠急性毒性与遗传毒性研究

目的探究贯筋藤作为凝乳剂的安全性。方法以贯筋藤凝乳剂为受试物,采用限量法评价贯筋藤凝乳剂对小鼠的急性毒性,观察小鼠体重及解剖后心脏、脾脏、肝脏、肾脏是否发生病变;采用Ames实验评价其遗传毒性,设20、100、500、2500、12500μg/皿剂量组进行遗传毒性实验。结果急性毒性实验未出现小鼠死亡情况。研究发现小鼠的精神亢奋,有较强攻击欲望,根据小鼠的生理状况对小鼠进行脑组织中MAO-A和5-HT含量检测发现空白组和实验组差异极显著(P0.01)。通过Ames试验检测贯筋藤凝乳剂的遗传毒性,根据结果发现在12500μg/皿的情况下出现抑制微生物生长的情况,而在2500μg/皿的剂量下统计每组菌落数差异不著性(P0.05)。结论贯筋藤凝乳剂的LD50剂量大于10000 mg/kg,并根据Ames试验确定贯筋藤凝乳剂在最高2500μg/皿不具有致突变作用。     

Categorizing food-related illness: Have we got it right?

Since the 1950s food safety hazards have been categorized simply as (micro) biological, chemical or physical hazards with no clear differentiation between those that cause acute and chronic harm. Indeed international risk assessment methods, including hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) use these criteria. However, the spectrum of food related illness continues to grow now encompassing food allergy and intolerance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, stroke, heart disease, cancer as well as food poisoning, foodborne illness and food contamination. Therefore over a half-century later is this the time to redefine the spectrum of what constitutes food related illness? This paper considers whether such “redefinition” of food related intoxicating and infectious agents would provide more targeted policy instruments and lead to better risk assessment and thus mitigation of such risk within the food supply chain.     

Drugs – Do we need them? Applications of non-pharmaceutical therapy in anterior eye disease: A review

Natural products have been in use long before the introduction of modern drug therapies and are still used in various communities worldwide for the treatment of anterior eye disease. The aim of this review is to look at the current non-pharmaceutical modalities that have been tried and assess the body of existing evidence behind them. This includes alternative medicine, existing non-pharmaceutical therapy and more recent low and high tech solutions.A detailed search of all available databases including MEDLINE, Pubmed and Google was made to look for English-language studies for complementary and alternative treatment modalities (CAM), natural therapies and new modalities for anterior eye disease such as blepharitis, dry eye and microbial keratitis. We have included a broad discussion ranging from traditional treatments like honey and aloe vera which have been used for centuries, to the more recent technological advances like Intense Pulsed Light (IPL), LipiFlow and photoactivated chromophore for corneal cross linking in infectious keratitis (PACK-CXL).Alternative management strategies may have a role in anterior eye diseases and have a potential in changing the way we currently approach them. Some of the available CAM could play a role if incorporated in to current management practices of not only chronic diseases like blepharitis and dry eye, but also acute conditions with significant morbidity like microbial keratitis. Further large-scale randomized control trials stratified by disease severity are required to improve our understanding and to evaluate the use of non-pharmaceutical therapy against current practice.     

黑果枸杞花青素提取物对大鼠急性痛风性关节炎的作用

为研究黑果枸杞花青素提取物(anthocyanin extract of Lycium ruthenicum Murr., AEL)对急性痛风性关节炎(acute gouty arthritis, AGA)大鼠的作用,将60只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组、AEL高剂量组(238.0mg/kg)和AEL低剂量组(59.5mg/kg),每组12只,分为2批,每批6只。第一批动物灌胃2周,第二批动物灌胃4周后,采用50mg/mL微晶型尿酸钠(microcrystalline sodium urate, MSU) 0.2mL注射到大鼠右踝关节诱导大鼠急性痛风性关节炎模型,评价AEL对AGA大鼠踝关节肿胀和跛行步态的改善效果。所有动物继续灌胃至5周,采用质量分数2.5%的氧嗪酸钾饲料喂食诱导高尿酸血症模型,测定造模2h、3h后大鼠的血清尿酸水平。研究发现,与模型对照组比较,灌胃2周,AEL高剂量能明显缓解大鼠造模6h后踝关节肿胀,改善跛行步态;灌胃4周,AEL高、低剂量均能明显缓解大鼠造模后6h、24h踝关节肿胀和改善造模6h后跛行步态,AEL高剂量还能明显改善造模24h后跛行步态;灌胃5周后,AEL高、低剂量均能明显抑制氧嗪酸钾导致的大鼠血清尿酸升高。结果表明,AEL能从抗炎和降尿酸两个方面对大鼠急性痛风性关节炎表现出明显改善作用。     

核桃蛋白多肽对脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

构建脂多糖（LPS）诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,研究核桃蛋白多肽（WPP）对肝损伤的保护作用。实验小鼠随机分为5组（空白对照组,LPS模型组,LPS+WPP低、中、高剂量组）,连续灌胃WPP 5周后,采用尾静脉注射LPS诱导肝损伤,检测各处理组小鼠肝脏指数、血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性、肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、组织病理学变化以及血清中炎症因子白细胞介素IL-1β和IL-6水平。结果表明：与LPS模型组相比,WPP高剂量组肝脏指数显著降低（P<0.05）,WPP中、高剂量组小鼠血清中ALT和AST活性极显著下降（P＜0.01）,WPP低、中、高剂量组小鼠血清中IL-1β和IL-6含量极显著下降（P＜0.01）,WPP中、高剂量组小鼠肝组织中SOD活性显著升高（P<0.05）,WPP低、中、高剂量组小鼠肝组织中GSH-Px活性极显著升高（P＜0.01）;组织病理学观察发现,WPP低、中、高剂量组小鼠肝组织病理损伤明显减轻。WPP对LPS造成的小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

两性霉素B在治疗眼部真菌感染的应用

目的概述两性霉素B治疗眼科真菌感染的作用和价值。方法参考近年来的文献,论述两性霉素B的作用机制及在眼科中应用。结果两性霉素B是抗菌谱广、抗菌作用强的抗真菌药物。结论两性霉素B是临床上不可缺少的抗真菌药物,两性霉素B脂质体在治疗眼部真菌感染具有良好的应用前景。     

聚乙二醇修饰的蓖麻毒蛋白A链的免疫原性和在小鼠体内急性毒性研究

目的研究单甲氧聚乙二醇(mPEG)与蓖麻毒蛋白A链(RA)偶联后RA免疫原性和毒性的改变。方法从天然蓖麻籽中提取纯化的RA,经与含活性马来酰亚胺基团的mPEG反应偶联,得到纯化的mPEG偶联RA。用蛋白质印迹方法比较RA修饰前后的免疫原性,通过测定半数致死量(LD50)比较RA修饰前后的毒性。结果mPEG偶联RA后免疫原性和毒性均明显下降。偶联前RA链的LD50为2.37 mg.kg-1,经mPEG修饰后RA的LD50为6.15mg.kg-1。结论聚乙二醇能遮蔽RA,降低其免疫原性和毒性。     

Inhibitory effect of Antrodia camphorata constituents on the Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric inflammation

Helicobacter pylori infection plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Among the 13 chemical constituents isolated from fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata, methyl antcinate B (4), antcins K (10) and A (12) displayed potential anti-H. pylori activity with inhibition zones of 13, 12 and 10 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 0.2 mM. The isolates 4 and 10 exhibited a dose response inhibition of H. pylori adhesion and invasion to AGS cells in a range of concentrations between 0.005 and 0.02 mM, while 12 has moderate effect at relatively higher concentration. Furthermore, at these concentrations (0.005–0.02 mM) the isolates 4 and 10 also inhibited the H. pylori-induced nuclear factor (NF)-кB activation, and the subsequent release of interleukin (IL)-8 in AGS cells. These results open the possibility of considering A. camphorata a chemopreventive agent for peptic ulcer or gastric cancer, but this bioactivity should be confirmed in vivo in the future.     

The effect of an intramammary teat seal on new intramammary infections

As concern over the possible overuse of antibacterials increases, attention has focused on reduction of antibiotic usage and on nonantibiotic alternatives. A nonantibiotic intramammary teat sealant, Teat Seal (Cross Vetpharm Group Ltd., Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland), has been available in Ireland, in combination with an intramammary tube of cloxacillin. Teat Seal has been reformulated for use in cows with low cell counts as an alternative to antibiotic dry cow therapy at the end of lactation. The product is now marketed as Orbeseal (Pfizer Animal Health). A comparison between this teat sealant and no treatment was made on new intramammary infections and clinical mastitis, on all cows within four herds, and on low cell count cows in three herds. No cases of clinical mastitis in the dry period were observed in cows treated with Teat Seal (n = 197), whereas a significant number (6 cows) were observed in the untreated cows (n = 204). In all herds, significantly more new infections at calving were found in the untreated group (62 cows in the untreated group compared with 21 cows in the Teat Seal group). In those quarters where infections were first detected at calving, the incidence of clinical mastitis was significantly greater in the untreated group. Quarters in both treatment groups that were infected at drying off with Corynebacterium spp. or coagulase-negative staphylococci were not protected against new infections and had an increased risk of new infection by Streptococcus uberis. The results will inform those restricting their use of antibiotic dry cow therapy in alternative management strategies and the additional risk of new intramammary infection.