Synthesis of visible light-active nanostructured TiOx (x < 2) photocatalysts in a flame aerosol reactor

Titanium dioxide is a wide band gap (3.2 eV) semiconductor which is photo-active when irradiated with UV light. For wider scale use of TiO₂ as a photocatalyst, its activity needs to be extended to the visible light region (constituting 45% of total incident solar energy). A diffusion flame aerosol reactor (FLAR) with an oxygen lean environment in the particle formation zone has been used to synthesize oxygen deficient titanium suboxide (TiO_x with x < 2) nanoparticles. Using a standard-based electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) technique, the non-stoichiometry (x in TiO_x) in the flame synthesized particles has been quantified with high accuracy (uncertainty less than 3%). Under an oxygen lean environment in the particle formation zone, the non-stoichiometry in the TiO_x particles is a function of the flame temperature. The value of x in the flame synthesized TiO_x nanoparticles is in the range of 1.88 < x < 1.94. Diffuse reflectance spectra confirmed that the oxygen deficient TiO_x particles absorbed visible light. Visible light activity of the TiO_x particles is demonstrated by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange solution under visible light illumination.     

Improving GERB scene identification using SEVIRI: Infrared dust detection strategy

The combination of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) and the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instruments on Meteosat-8 provides a powerful new tool for detecting aerosols and estimating their radiative effect at high temporal and spatial resolution. However, at present no specific aerosol treatment is performed in the GERB processing chain, severely limiting the use of the data for aerosol studies. A particular problem relates to the misidentification of Saharan dust outbreaks as cloud which can bias the shortwave and longwave fluxes. In this paper an algorithm is developed which employs multiple-linear regression, using information from selected thermal infrared SEVIRI channels, to detect dust aerosol over ocean and provide an estimate of the optical depth at 0.55 μm (τ₀₅₅). To test the performance of the algorithm, it has been applied to a number of dust events observed by SEVIRI during March and June 2004. The results are compared to co-located MODIS observations taken from the Terra and Aqua platforms, and ground based observations from the Cape Verde AERONET site. In terms of detection capability, employing the algorithm results in a notable improvement in the routine GERB scene identification. Locations identified by MODIS as being likely to be dust contaminated were originally classified as cloud in over 99.5% of the cases studied. With the application of the detection algorithm approximately 60-70% of these points are identified as dusty depending on the dust model employed. The algorithm is also capable of detecting dust in regions and at times which would be excluded when using shortwave observations, due for example to the presence of sun-glint, or through the night. We further investigate whether the algorithm is capable of generating useful information concerning the aerosol loading. Comparisons with co-located retrievals from the SEVIRI 0.6 μm solar reflectance band observations show a level of agreement consistent with that expected from the simulations, with rms differences of between 0.5 and 0.8, and a mean bias ranging from − 0.5 to 0.3 dependent on the dust representation employed in the algorithm. Temporally resolved comparisons with observations from the Capo Verde AERONET site through the months of March and June reinforce these findings, but also indicate that the algorithm is capable of discerning the diurnal pattern in aerosol loading. The algorithm has now been incorporated within the routine GERB processing in detection mode, and will be used to provide an experimental aerosol product for assessment by the scientific community.     

HEAE气溶胶出口温度控制的实验研究

高效气溶胶灭火剂(HEAE)是由固体推进剂技术发展而成,属于烟火类药剂.当HEAE灭火剂生成气溶胶,出口气溶胶温度很高,会对被保护空间形成二次危害,影响灭火效果,因此灭火装置喷放时需作降温处理.针对灭火装置的特点,采用外冷却方法,利用固化的化学冷却剂,对高温HEAE燃烧产物实施冷却处理.重点考察了冷却块中冷却剂的含量、冷却块的孔径以及冷却块与HEAE灭火剂重量比对冷却降温效果的影响.结果表明,通过合理调节冷却块中冷却剂的含量、冷却块的孔径以及冷却块与HEAE灭火剂质量比,能有效地降低灭火装置喷口处的气溶胶灭火介质的温度.     

Prediction of Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation Performance From Surface Energetics and Blending Dynamics

The purpose of these studies was to investigate the ability of surface energy measurements and rates of mixing in dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations to predict aerosol dispersion performance. Two lactose carrier systems comprising either spray-dried or milled particles were developed such that they had identical physical characteristics except for surface morphology and surface energies avoiding confounding variables common in other studies. Surface energy measurements confirmed significant differences between the powder systems. Spray-dried lactose had a higher surface entropy (0.20 vs. 0.13 mJ/m²K) and surface enthalpy (103.2 vs. 79.2 mJ/m²) compared with milled lactose. Mixing rates of budesonide or fluorescein were assessed dynamically, and significant differences in blending were observed between lactose systems for both drugs. Surface energies of the lactose carriers were inversely proportional to dispersion performance. In addition, the root mean square (RMS) of blending rates correlated positively with aerosol dispersion performance. Both techniques have potential utility in routine screening of DPI formulations.     

Simulated consumer exposure to propellant HCFC 22 (chlorodifluoromethane) in aerosol personal products

The potential human exposure to the aerosol propellant HCFC 22 (chlorodifluoromethane) arising from its use in personal products has been assessed. HCFC 22 concentrations were measured in the 'breathing zone' of an experimental manikin and an 'accompanying child' designed to simulate human use of hairsprays, body sprays and antiperspirants in a closed room. Results were expressed as the 10-min time-weighted average concentration in the air (TWA 10) and as the peak concentration in the 'breathing zone' of the 'user'.
Following a 10-s use of hairspray containing approximately 20–40% HCFC 22, TWA10 values for an adult user and child were 64–116 ppm and 44–100 ppm, respectively. Use of an aerosol body spray containing 20–65% HCFC 22 for 5–20 s gave rise to TWA10 values of 32–411 ppm for an adult user and 20–395 ppm for a child. A 4-s use of an antiperspirant containing approximately 20–40% HCFC 22 sprayed at a distance of 10–30 cm from the breathing zone of the adult user generated TWA 10 values in the range of 14–34 ppm for both the adult user and child. Opening the door of the room prior to hairspray and antiperspirant spraying slightly reduced these TWA 10 values. The peak values recorded in these studies for the adult user were 208 ppm for hairspray, 1415 ppm for body sprays and 82 ppm for antiperspirants.     

基于高斯扩散模型的催泪弹气溶胶烟雾非致命效能仿真

催泪弹是一种非致命防暴弹。为研究其非致命效能大小,以武警RS97-2型催泪弹为研究对象,应用高斯扩散模型研究了催泪弹气溶胶烟雾的扩散过程。分析了烟雾扩散时西埃斯(CS)催泪剂浓度和烟雾半径的变化规律。用Matlab软件编制的程序进行了仿真计算,得出以催泪弹气溶胶烟雾扩散的有效作用区域作为其非致命效能大小的衡量指标。结果表明,在风速为2m·s~(-1)时,一枚催泪剂装药为20g催泪弹的气溶胶烟雾有效作用区域可达453.7m~2。     

Electrospun ultrathin nylon fibers for protective applications

Electrospun nylon 6 fiber mats were deposited on woven 50/50 nylon/cotton fabric with the motive of making them into protective material against submicron‐level aerosol chemical and biological threats. Polymer solution concentration, electrospinning voltage, and deposition areal densities were varied to establish the relationships of processing‐structure‐filtration efficiency of electrospun fiber mats. A high barrier efficiency of greater than 99.5% was achieved on electrospun fiber mats without sacrificing air permeability and pressure drop. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

用MFRSR仪器观测气溶胶光学厚度

气溶胶对激光大气传输有着重要的影响。MFRSR(多光谱旋转遮蔽影带辐射计)是一种用于地基辐射和气溶胶测量的仪器。该仪器使用自动旋转影带技术同时在七个波段交替进行总的水平辐射和漫射水平辐射测量,然后推算得出直接辐射。其中6个波段的中心波长分别是414.3nm,495.3nm,613.7nm,671.5nm,867.6nm,939.3nm,还有一个硅探测器进行宽波段太阳总辐射测量。本文首先介绍了MFRSR仪器及其定标和资料处理方法,然后利用香河观测站2004-2005年MFRSR观测资料,分析了气溶胶的统计特性。为了说明利用MFRSR观测气溶胶光学厚度的可靠性,我们将MFRSR与AERONET的观测结果进行了比较,结果表明二者在500nm、670nm和870nm三个波段的平均偏差分别为-0.021,-0.009,-0.004;标准差分别为0.067,0.051,0.050。文中还对造成二者偏差的原因进行了讨论。     

钾盐型气溶胶灭火剂弥漫性及二次损害性研究

通过弥漫性灭火正交试验探求钾盐型气溶胶灭火剂灭火效果最优配方.考察了钾盐型气溶胶灭火剂的二次损害性(酸碱性、电绝缘性、腐蚀性).结果表明:钾盐型气溶胶灭火剂产生的固体颗粒沉降物在水溶液中呈弱碱性;在白色PVC板上的沉降物绝缘水平低于二级绝缘水平;铜片在钾盐型气溶胶灭火剂中属尚耐蚀类.