同时检测恩诺沙星和环丙沙星单克隆抗体的制备

为了产生同时检测恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的抗体,本研究采用戊二醛法制备突出恩诺沙星和环丙沙星共同结构的人工抗原。免疫Balb/c 小鼠的结果显示：使用糖基化载体所制备的免疫抗原,能够大幅提高所产生特异性抗体的滴度。通过细胞融合,筛选出一株对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星IC50 值分别为9.6ng/mL 和10.2ng/mL 的单克隆抗体。     

消旋氧氟沙星抗体制备及其手性识别特性研究

采用活泼酯法（A）和直接EDC（1-乙基-3-（3-二甲氨丙基）碳二亚胺盐酸盐）法（D）,合成两种包被抗原（OFL-A-OVA和OFL-D-OVA）和两种免疫抗原（OFL-A-BSA和OFL-D-BSA）,然后分别用两种免疫抗原免疫小鼠获得与其对应的多克隆抗体,建立消旋氧氟沙星残留免疫检测方法。研究结果表明：紫外扫描图谱证明四种抗原均合成成功,OFL-A-BSA、OFL-D-BSA、OFL-A-OVA和OFL-D-OVA的偶联比分别为19.67、3.03、1.93和0.99。消旋氧氟沙星的间接竞争ELISA法的线性检测范围为16.35～444.10ng/mL,IC50为5.42ng/mL,最低检测限为6.23ng/mL。消旋氧氟沙星抗体与恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、加替沙星等其他同类药物的交叉反应率较低,表明消旋氧氟沙星抗体具有较高的特异性,且消旋氧氟沙星抗体对左旋氧氟沙星和右旋氧氟沙星的识别并非对等,对左旋的识别能力较大,左旋氧氟沙星对抗体的产生起主要作用。     

诺氟沙星单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

采用优化的碳二亚胺法制备诺氟沙星（NOR）人工抗原,紫外扫描和红外光谱图表明人工抗原偶联成功。采用细胞融合技术筛选抗NOR单克隆抗体（NORmAb）杂交瘤细胞株,体内诱生腹水法制备NORmAb,建立间接竞争ELISA（icELISA）标准曲线。结果表明,筛选的3株杂交瘤细胞分泌的抗体为IgG1亚型,具k轻链;建立的icELISA标准曲线在PBS中的的线性检测范围为0.04～43.6ng/mL,IC50值为0.62ng/mL,检测限（LOD）为0.02ng/mL;抗体与环丙沙星（87.2%）、培氟沙星（76.9%）、依诺沙星（66.8%）、恩诺沙星（48.6%）和洛美沙星（36.6%）有较高的交叉反应率;禽肉基质中NOR添加回收率满足检测要求。     

新霉素酶联免疫检测方法的研究——新霉素抗体的制备

以碳化二亚胺作为偶联剂,分别将新霉素(Neomycin,NEO)和牛血清白蛋白(Bovine serum albu-min,BSA)、血蓝蛋白(Keyhole limpet hemocyanin,KLH)进行偶联,得到偶联产物BSA-NEO和KLH-NEO。对BSA、KLH、NEO及其偶联产物BSA-NEO、KLH-NEO进行红外光谱分析,结果显示偶联产物的红外光谱中同时存在载体蛋白和NEO的特征吸收峰,初步证明偶联成功;将偶联产物BSA-NEO和KLH-NEO作为新霉素免疫抗原,分别免疫新西兰大白兔,成功获取新霉素抗血清,间接ELISA法测得抗血清效价可达1.28×105以上。     

玉米赤霉烯酮多克隆抗体的制备及特性分析

合成玉米赤霉烯酮半抗原,应用液相色谱-质谱联用法进行鉴定,并采用活泼酯法将半抗原与载体蛋白OVA或BSA偶联,分别作为免疫原或包被原,并通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和紫外扫描法鉴定偶联效果,免疫3只BALB/c小鼠,制备玉米赤霉烯酮多克隆抗体。结果表明:抗血清效价最高达1∶32 000,以此多抗建立的玉米赤霉烯酮间接竞争标准曲线IC50为39.8ng/mL,IC10为0.71ng/mL,多抗与玉米赤霉烯酮类似物β-zearalenol、zear-alanone、α-zearalanol、β-zearalanol交叉反应率分别为4.80%,3.07%,0.96%,0.09%。说明试验成功制备了玉米赤霉烯酮人工抗原及高特异性多克隆抗体。     

TCR Recognition of Peptide–MHC-I: Rule Makers and Breakers

T cells are a critical part of the adaptive immune system that are able to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy cells. Upon recognition of protein fragments (peptides), activated T cells will contribute to the immune response and help clear infection. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, or human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in humans, bind these peptides to present them to T cells that recognise them with their surface T cell receptors (TCR). This recognition event is the first step that leads to T cell activation, and in turn can dictate disease outcomes. The visualisation of TCR interaction with pMHC using structural biology has been crucial in understanding this key event, unravelling the parameters that drive this interaction and their impact on the immune response. The last five years has been the most productive within the field, wherein half of current unique TCR–pMHC-I structures to date were determined within this time. Here, we review the new insights learned from these recent TCR–pMHC-I structures and their impact on T cell activation.     

Immune Checkpoints,Inhibitors and Radionuclides in Prostate Cancer: Promising Combinatorial Therapy Approach

Emerging research demonstrates that co-inhibitory immune checkpoints (ICs) remain the most promising immunotherapy targets in various malignancies. Nonetheless, ICIs have offered insignificant clinical benefits in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) especially when they are used as monotherapies. Current existing PCa treatment initially offers an improved clinical outcome and overall survival (OS), however, after a while the treatment becomes resistant leading to aggressive and uncontrolled disease associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Concurrent combination of the ICIs with radionuclides therapy that has rapidly emerged as safe and effective targeted approach for treating PCa patients may shift the paradigm of PCa treatment. Here, we provide an overview of the contextual contribution of old and new emerging inhibitory ICs in PCa, preclinical and clinical studies supporting the use of these ICs in treating PCa patients. Furthermore, we will also describe the potential of using a combinatory approach of ICIs and radionuclides therapy in treating PCa patients to enhance efficacy, durable cancer control and OS. The inhibitory ICs considered in this review are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD1), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), T cell Immunoglobulin Domain and Mucin Domain 3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3) and B7-H4.     

Astragaloside IV improves melanocyte differentiation from mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Vitiligo results in an autoimmune disorder destructing skin pigment cells, melanocytes (Mcs). This study aimed to investigate whether Astragaloside IV (AIV) could efficiently induce differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) into Mcs. BMMSCs were induced and differentiated into Mcs with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/L AIV during 150-day. Morphologic changes of differentiated cells were observed. Levels of some melanocytic specific genes (TRP-1, TRP-2, MART-1, Mitf) were measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at 90, 120, and 150 days of induction. After 90-day induction, the differentiated cells with 0.4 mg/L AIV demonstrated the typical morphology of Mcs, positive 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine staining, and positive staining of TRP-1, TRP-2, MART-1, and Mitf. After 90- and 120- days’ induction with 0.4 mg/L AIV, TRP-1 expression was significantly elevated (p < 0.01), and TRP-2 expression was significantly increased in 0.4 mg/L AIV-treated group compared to negative control (p < 0.01), 0.1 mg/L (p < 0.01), and 0.2 mg/L (p < 0.01) AIV-treated groups. Moreover, MART-1 expression was significantly up-regulated in 0.4 mg/L AIV-treated group compared to negative control, but without difference compared to 0.1 mg/L (p > 0.05) and 0.2 mg/L (p > 0.05) AIV-treated groups. During 90 to 150- day induction, there were no significant differences for Mitf levels between AIV-treated groups and negative control (p > 0.05). In conclusion, 90-day induction with 0.4 mg/L AIV up-regulated TRP-1, TRP-2, and MART-1 expression, indicating that AIV can efficiently induce Mcs differentiation from BMMSCs. These results provide experimental and theoretic evidence for AIV application in clinical vitiligo repigmentation treatment.     

Glycosyltransferase B4GALNT2 as a Predictor of Good Prognosis in Colon Cancer: Lessons from Databases

Background: glycosyltransferase B4GALNT2 and its cognate carbohydrate antigen Sd^a are highly expressed in normal colon but strongly downregulated in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). We previously showed that CRC patients expressing higher B4GALNT2 mRNA levels displayed longer survival. Forced B4GALNT2 expression reduced the malignancy and stemness of colon cancer cells. Methods: Kaplan–Meier survival curves were determined in “The Cancer Genome Atlas” (TCGA) COAD cohort for several glycosyltransferases, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. Whole expression data of coding genes as well as miRNA and methylation data for B4GALNT2 were downloaded from TCGA. Results: the prognostic potential of B4GALNT2 was the best among the glycosyltransferases tested and better than that of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; high B4GALNT2 expression was associated with a lower malignancy gene expression profile; differential methylation of an intronic B4GALNT2 gene position and miR-204-5p expression play major roles in B4GALNT2 regulation. Conclusions: high B4GALNT2 expression is a strong predictor of good prognosis in CRC as a part of a wider molecular signature that includes ZG16, ITLN1, BEST2, and GUCA2B. Differential DNA methylation and miRNA expression contribute to regulating B4GALNT2 expression during colorectal carcinogenesis.     

Biology of tegument associated IgG-Fc and C3 receptors inSchistosoma mansoni

Mechanisms by which schistosomes escape host immune responses are reviewed, with particular emphasis regarding the possible contributions of host or host-like Fc and C3 receptors on adult parasites.