Emerging Immunotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Several immune checkpoint molecules and immune targets in leukemic cells have been investigated. Recent studies have suggested the potential clinical benefits of immuno-oncology (IO) therapy against acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially targeting CD33, CD123, and CLL-1, as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-PD (programmed cell death)-1 and anti-CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) antibodies) with or without conventional chemotherapy. Early-phase clinical trials of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T or natural killer (NK) cells for relapsed/refractory AML showed complete remission (CR) or marked reduction of marrow blasts in a few enrolled patients. Bi-/tri-specific antibodies (e.g., bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) and dual-affinity retargeting (DART)) exhibited 11–67% CR rates with 13–78% risk of cytokine-releasing syndrome (CRS). Conventional chemotherapy in combination with anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA4 antibody for relapsed/refractory AML showed 10–36% CR rates with 7–24 month-long median survival. The current advantages of IO therapy in the field of AML are summarized herein. However, although cancer vaccination should be included in the concept of IO therapy, it is not mentioned in this review because of the paucity of relevant evidence.     

Cellular proliferation rate and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and IGFBP-3 and estradiol receptor alpha expression in the mammary gland of dairy heifers naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes during development

Mammary ductal morphogenesis during prepuberty occurs mainly in response to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and estradiol stimulation. Dairy heifers infected with gastrointestinal nematodes have reduced IGF-1 levels, accompanied by reduced growth rate, delayed puberty onset, and lower parenchyma-stroma relationship in their mammary glands. Immunohistochemical studies were undertaken to determine variations in cell division rate, IGF-1 system components, and estradiol receptors (ESR) during peripubertal development in the mammary glands of antiparasitic-treated and untreated Holstein heifers naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Mammary biopsies were taken at 20, 30, 40, and 70 wk of age. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunolabeling, evident in nuclei, tended to be higher in the parenchyma of the glands from treated heifers than in those from untreated. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) type 2 and type 3 immunolabeling was cytoplasmic and was evident in stroma and parenchyma. The IGFBP2-labeled area was lower in treated than in untreated heifers. In the treated group, a maximal expression of this protein was seen at 40 wk of age, whereas in the untreated group the labeling remained constant. No differences were observed for IGFBP3 between treatment groups or during development. Immunolabeling for α ESR (ESR1) was evident in parenchymal nuclei and was higher in treated than in untreated heifers. In the treated group, ESR1 peaked at 30 wk of age and then decreased. These results demonstrate that the parasite burden in young heifers negatively influence mammary gland development, affecting cell division rate and parameters related to estradiol and IGF-1 signaling in the gland.     

Dendrimer as nanocarrier for drug delivery

Dendrimers are novel three dimensional, hyperbranched globular nanopolymeric architectures. Attractive features like nanoscopic size, narrow polydispersity index, excellent control over molecular structure, availability of multiple functional groups at the periphery and cavities in the interior distinguish them amongst the available polymers. Applications of dendrimers in a large variety of fields have been explored. Drug delivery scientists are especially enthusiastic about possible utility of dendrimers as drug delivery tool. Terminal functionalities provide a platform for conjugation of the drug and targeting moieties. In addition, these peripheral functional groups can be employed to tailor-make the properties of dendrimers, enhancing their versatility. The present review highlights the contribution of dendrimers in the field of nanotechnology with intent to aid the researchers in exploring dendrimers in the field of drug delivery.     

脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅲ型Sabin株C抗原和D抗原的分离及特性分析

目的分离脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅲ型Sabin株(sPVⅢ)C抗原和D抗原,并分析其部分特性。方法采用CsCl密度梯度离心法分离sPVⅢ的C抗原和D抗原,电镜观察病毒形态;SDS-PAGE检测病毒结构蛋白组成;微量BCA法检测蛋白浓度,计算每种抗原所占比例;细胞病变法检测病毒滴度。同时检测上样浓度及超离次数对C抗原纯度的影响。结果sPVⅢC抗原和D抗原在透射电镜下均呈球形,C抗原病毒颗粒密度较小,外壳大多较为松散,D抗原病毒颗粒密度较大,结构更稳固;C抗原由VP0、VP1、VP3蛋白组成,D抗原由VP1、VP2、VP3和VP4蛋白组成;C抗原和D抗原分别约占总蛋白含量的10%和90%,部分C抗原在分离前及分离过程中易产生聚集;D抗原的病毒滴度高于C抗原。降低上样浓度及进行二次超离可提高C抗原纯度。结论采用CsCl密度梯度离心法成功分离了sPVⅢ的C抗原和D抗原,C抗原滴度远低于D抗原,且部分易产生聚集,较难达到较高纯度。     

诺氟沙星单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

采用优化的碳二亚胺法制备诺氟沙星（NOR）人工抗原,紫外扫描和红外光谱图表明人工抗原偶联成功。采用细胞融合技术筛选抗NOR单克隆抗体（NORmAb）杂交瘤细胞株,体内诱生腹水法制备NORmAb,建立间接竞争ELISA（icELISA）标准曲线。结果表明,筛选的3株杂交瘤细胞分泌的抗体为IgG1亚型,具k轻链;建立的icELISA标准曲线在PBS中的的线性检测范围为0.04～43.6ng/mL,IC50值为0.62ng/mL,检测限（LOD）为0.02ng/mL;抗体与环丙沙星（87.2%）、培氟沙星（76.9%）、依诺沙星（66.8%）、恩诺沙星（48.6%）和洛美沙星（36.6%）有较高的交叉反应率;禽肉基质中NOR添加回收率满足检测要求。     

新霉素酶联免疫检测方法的研究——新霉素抗体的制备

以碳化二亚胺作为偶联剂,分别将新霉素(Neomycin,NEO)和牛血清白蛋白(Bovine serum albu-min,BSA)、血蓝蛋白(Keyhole limpet hemocyanin,KLH)进行偶联,得到偶联产物BSA-NEO和KLH-NEO。对BSA、KLH、NEO及其偶联产物BSA-NEO、KLH-NEO进行红外光谱分析,结果显示偶联产物的红外光谱中同时存在载体蛋白和NEO的特征吸收峰,初步证明偶联成功;将偶联产物BSA-NEO和KLH-NEO作为新霉素免疫抗原,分别免疫新西兰大白兔,成功获取新霉素抗血清,间接ELISA法测得抗血清效价可达1.28×105以上。     

同时检测恩诺沙星和环丙沙星单克隆抗体的制备

为了产生同时检测恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的抗体,本研究采用戊二醛法制备突出恩诺沙星和环丙沙星共同结构的人工抗原。免疫Balb/c 小鼠的结果显示：使用糖基化载体所制备的免疫抗原,能够大幅提高所产生特异性抗体的滴度。通过细胞融合,筛选出一株对恩诺沙星和环丙沙星IC50 值分别为9.6ng/mL 和10.2ng/mL 的单克隆抗体。     

玉米赤霉烯酮多克隆抗体的制备及特性分析

合成玉米赤霉烯酮半抗原,应用液相色谱-质谱联用法进行鉴定,并采用活泼酯法将半抗原与载体蛋白OVA或BSA偶联,分别作为免疫原或包被原,并通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和紫外扫描法鉴定偶联效果,免疫3只BALB/c小鼠,制备玉米赤霉烯酮多克隆抗体。结果表明:抗血清效价最高达1∶32 000,以此多抗建立的玉米赤霉烯酮间接竞争标准曲线IC50为39.8ng/mL,IC10为0.71ng/mL,多抗与玉米赤霉烯酮类似物β-zearalenol、zear-alanone、α-zearalanol、β-zearalanol交叉反应率分别为4.80%,3.07%,0.96%,0.09%。说明试验成功制备了玉米赤霉烯酮人工抗原及高特异性多克隆抗体。