肿瘤标志物联检在卵巢癌早期诊断中的研究

目的探讨肿瘤标志物[人附睾蛋白4（HE4）、糖类抗原125（CA125）及癌胚抗原（CEA）]联合检测在卵巢癌早期诊断中的应用价值。方法对47例卵巢癌患者（卵巢癌组,FIGO临床分期Ⅰ期6例、Ⅱ期12例、Ⅲ期14例、Ⅳ期15例）、63例良性卵巢疾病患者（良性病变组）及78例健康体检育龄妇女（对照组）进行HE4、CA125及CEA检测,观察各组HE4、CA125、CEA血清水平变化及异常率;比较不同FIGO临床分期HE4、CA125、CEA血清水平的变化;对3种肿瘤标志物单独检测和联合检测对卵巢癌诊断的效果进行方法学评价。结果卵巢癌组的HE4、CA125及CEA血清水平及异常率均明显高于良性病变组及对照组（均P〈0.05）,良性病变组与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）;FIGO临床Ⅲ—Ⅳ期卵巢癌组HE4、CA125及CEA血清水平明显高于FIGO临床Ⅰ—Ⅱ期卵巢癌组（均P〈0.001）。3种肿瘤标志物单独检测以HE4及CA125 2项指标较好;3种肿瘤标志物联合检测对灵敏度、诊断符合率、约登指数及阴性预测值均有不同程度的提升。结论 HE4、CA125及CEA联合检测对卵巢癌的防治有重要的临床意义。     

血清PSA及PAP测定的临床应用评价

报道了２３例前列腺癌、４２例良性前列腺增生及２１例男性非前列腺疾病住院患者血清ＰＳＡ及ＰＡＰ联合测定结果。前列腺癌组与良性前列腺增生及对照组比较有极显著差异，按决策矩阵法对血清ＰＳＡ及ＰＡＰ进行临床综合评价，两者诊断指数和可用度分别为１３５．８％、１３８。３％和０．３６、０．４５。结果表明血清ＰＳＡ及ＰＡＰ测定对于前列腺癌诊断及鉴别诊断为互补关系，血清ＰＳＡ测定作为前列腺癌治疗效果监测指标优于血清     

Synthesis and identification of artificial antigens for cadmium and copper

Cadmium and copper were conjugated to two carrier proteins using bifunctional chelators, including derivatives of ethylenediamine N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, to make artificial antigens for cadmium and copper. The artificial antigens were identified by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis results revealed that the conjugate band migrations were different from those of the chelator-protein conjugates and carrier proteins alone. The ultraviolet spectrophotometry results revealed that the maximum absorption peak of the conjugates had only a little peak shift. The graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry results revealed that the metal content of the conjugates was much higher than that of the carrier proteins and chelator-protein conjugates. The results indicated that the artificial antigens for cadmium and copper were successfully synthesised and could be useful as immunising antigens.     

胭脂红酸人工抗原合成及多克隆抗体的制备

为了快速高效检测食品中胭脂红酸含量,本研究通过羟基二咪唑法制备了胭脂红酸人工抗原;通过免疫新西兰大耳白兔获得了胭脂红酸抗血清,经硫酸铵沉淀法分离纯化获得抗胭脂红酸多克隆抗体;利用棋盘滴定法检测了抗体效价,并探究了溶液pH值、离子强度和有机溶剂对ELISA反应的影响,优化出最佳ELISA反应条件;在最佳反应条件下,建立了胭脂红酸的间接竞争ELISA抑制曲线。紫外光谱扫描结果显示,免疫抗原(CA-BSA)和检测抗原(CA-OVA)均与载体蛋白成功偶联;经分离纯化获得的胭脂红酸多克隆抗体效价为1:16000;检测抗原最佳浓度为1μg/m L、ELISA反应最适缓冲液为pH7.4、含50mmol/L Na~+且无甲醇的磷酸盐缓冲液;间接竞争ELISA标准曲线的线性范围为7.8～1150ng/mL,检测限为1ng/mL,灵敏度IC_(50)值为95.2ng/mL。本研究为开发CA快速检测试剂盒对食品中胭脂红酸含量的大量快速测定奠定了基础。     

干酪乳杆菌胞外多糖诱导小鼠骨髓来源树突细胞成熟以及分泌IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23

为研究干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）胞外多糖（exopolysaccharide,EPS）促进体外培养的小鼠未成熟骨髓来源树突细胞（bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,BMDCs）成熟的作用,分析不同剂量的EPS对BMDCs分泌细胞因子白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-6、转化生长因子-β（transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β）和IL-23的影响,并检测EPS对BMDCs抗原提呈能力的影响。首先从干酪乳杆菌中分离纯化出EPS,并检测EPS的纯度;把从BALB/c小鼠体内分离出的骨髓细胞分化为BMDCs,未成熟BMDCs分别与磷酸盐缓冲液、不同剂量EPS和脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）体外培养,采用流式细胞法检测了BMDCs成熟表面标记物MHC II和CD86的表达,酶联免疫吸附检测（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）法分析了IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23的表达量,CCK-8法检测了BMDCs与小鼠脾淋巴细胞的混合培养体系中淋巴细胞的增殖率。结果表明：分离出EPS的纯度约为95%;EPS能够上调BMDCs表面MHC II和CD86的表达量;EPS可以显著促进BMDCs分泌IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23（P＜0.05）,但促进水平低于LPS;EPS可以明显促进BMDCs刺激异基因淋巴细胞的增殖。综上所述,在体外实验中,干酪乳杆菌EPS能够促进BALB/c小鼠BMDCs的成熟,诱导BMDCs分泌与辅助性T17细胞分化和增殖相关的细胞因子IL-6、TGF-β和IL-23,并且可以增强BMDCs的抗原提呈能力。     

应用SELEX技术筛选沙门氏菌抗原的适配子

目的:应用指数富集配体系统进化(SELEX)技术筛选沙门氏菌抗原的高亲和性适配子。方法:首先合成一个全长78个核苷酸中间含35个随机序列的随机单链寡核苷酸序列(ssDNA)文库,再以环氧乙烷丙烯酸珠子作为筛选介质,利用生物素-抗地高辛碱性磷酸酶显色系统检测DNA适配子与沙门氏菌抗原的亲和力,以获得沙门氏菌抗原的高亲和性适配子。结果:随着筛选轮数的增加,DNA适配子与沙门氏菌抗原结合后显色,吸光度逐渐增加,初步获得了沙门氏菌抗原的高亲和性适配子。结论:实验所用的筛选流程是适当的,可以考虑推广用于类似靶目标的筛选。     

The Impact of the ‘Mis-Peptidome’ on HLA Class I-Mediated Diseases: Contribution of ERAP1 and ERAP2 and Effects on the Immune Response

The strong association with the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I genes represents a shared trait for a group of autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders having in common immunopathogenetic basis as well as clinical features. Accordingly, the main risk factors for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), prototype of the Spondyloarthropathies (SpA), the Behçet’s disease (BD), the Psoriasis (Ps) and the Birdshot Chorioretinopathy (BSCR) are HLA-B*27, HLA-B*51, HLA-C*06:02 and HLA-A*29:02, respectively. Despite the strength of the association, the HLA pathogenetic role in these diseases is far from being thoroughly understood. Furthermore, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have highlighted other important susceptibility factors such as Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase (ERAP) 1 and, less frequently, ERAP2 that refine the peptidome presented by HLA class I molecules to CD8⁺ T cells. Mass spectrometry analysis provided considerable knowledge of HLA-B*27, HLA-B*51, HLA-C*06:02 and HLA-A*29:02 immunopeptidome. However, the combined effect of several ERAP1 and ERAP2 allelic variants could generate an altered pool of peptides accounting for the “mis-immunopeptidome” that ranges from suboptimal to pathogenetic/harmful peptides able to induce non-canonical or autoreactive CD8⁺ T responses, activation of NK cells and/or garbling the classical functions of the HLA class I molecules. This review will focus on this class of epitopes as possible elicitors of atypical/harmful immune responses which can contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases.     

Evaluation of the PSMA-Binding Ligand 212Pb-NG001 in Multicellular Tumour Spheroid and Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer

Radioligand therapy targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is rapidly evolving as a promising treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The PSMA-targeting ligand p-SCN-Bn-TCMC-PSMA (NG001) labelled with ²¹²Pb efficiently targets PSMA-positive cells in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this preclinical study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ²¹²Pb-NG001 in multicellular tumour spheroid and mouse models of prostate cancer. The cytotoxic effect of ²¹²Pb-NG001 was tested in human prostate C4-2 spheroids. Biodistribution at various time points and therapeutic effects of different activities of the radioligand were investigated in male athymic nude mice bearing C4-2 tumours, while long-term toxicity was studied in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The radioligand induced a selective cytotoxic effect in spheroids at activity concentrations of 3–10 kBq/mL. In mice, the radioligand accumulated rapidly in tumours and was retained over 24 h, while it rapidly cleared from nontargeted tissues. Treatment with 0.25, 0.30 or 0.40 MBq of ²¹²Pb-NG001 significantly inhibited tumour growth and improved median survival with therapeutic indexes of 1.5, 2.3 and 2.7, respectively. In BALB/c mice, no signs of long-term radiation toxicity were observed at activities of 0.05 and 0.33 MBq. The obtained results warrant clinical studies to evaluate the biodistribution, therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of ²¹²Pb-NG001.     

Optimizing PSMA Radioligand Therapy for Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The aim of the review was to evaluate patient and treatment characteristics for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with PSMA radioligand therapy (PRLT) associated with above-average outcome. The systematic review and meta-analysis followed recommendations by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). We searched for publications in PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to 31 September 2020. Thirty-six publications and four duplicates reported 2346 patients. Nearly two-thirds of the patients had bone metastases. Median overall survival (OS) was 16 months. Asymptomatic patients and patients with only lymph node metastases lived longer than symptomatic patients and patients with more extensive metastases. Patients treated with an intensified schedule of ¹⁷⁷Lu PRLT lived longer than those treated with a conventional schedule. Half of the patients obtained a PSA decline ≥ 50% and these patients lived longer than those with less PSA decline. Approximately 10% of the patients developed hematologic toxicity with anemia grade 3 as the most severe adverse effect. Characteristics for patients, cancer, restaging, and PRLT predict above average overall survival following treatment with PRLT.     

Functionalized NIR‐II Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for Single‐cell to Whole‐Organ Imaging of PSMA‐Positive Prostate Cancer

Development of molecular probes holds great promise for early diagnosis of aggressive prostate cancer. Here, 2‐[3‐(1,3‐dicarboxypropyl) ureido] pentanedioic acid (DUPA)‐conjugated ligand and bis‐isoindigo‐based polymer (BTII) are synthesized to formulate semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (BTII‐DUPA SPN) as a prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA)‐targeted probe for prostate cancer imaging in the NIR‐II window. Insights into the interaction of the imaging probes with the biological targets from single cell to whole organ are obtained by transient absorption (TA) microscopy and photoacoustic (PA) tomography. At single‐cell level, TA microscopy reveals the targeting efficiency, kinetics, and specificity of BTII‐DUPA SPN to PSMA‐positive prostate cancer. At organ level, PA tomographic imaging of BTII‐DUPA SPN in the NIR‐II window demonstrates superior imaging depth and contrast. By intravenous administration, BTII‐DUPA SPN demonstrates selective accumulation and retention in the PSMA‐positive tumor, allowing noninvasive PA detection of PSMA overexpressing prostate tumors in vivo. The distribution of nanoparticles inside the tumor tissue is further analyzed through TA microscopy. These results collectively demonstrate BTII‐DUPA SPN as a promising probe for prostate cancer diagnosis by PA tomography.