云南主产区夏黑果皮营养成分及抗氧化活性研究

以云南4个葡萄主产区的夏黑果皮为原料,对其营养成分及抗氧化活性进行了分析。以DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力和还原能力评价了四个地区果皮多酚提取物的抗氧化活性。结果发现:同一品种的四个样品,因其生长环境不同,营养成分及组成存在明显差异。葡萄皮中脂质的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,单糖含量为葡萄糖>阿拉伯糖、半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖。葡萄皮中的原花青素、多酚含量存在显著性差异,酚酸组成中芦丁和儿茶素含量较高。果皮多酚提取物表现较好的抗氧化活性,其在三种抗氧化体系中的IC50值分别在13.34¹4.86μg/m L、9.15¹0.64μg/m L和32.63³4.24μg/m L之间。      

泥鳅肉骨泥对小鼠体内抗氧化能力的影响

研究了泥鳅肉骨泥对小鼠抗氧化指标的影响。将小鼠分为空白组、模型组、泥鳅低剂量组和泥鳅高剂量组四组。除空白组外,其余三组均颈背部皮下注射浓度为500 mg/kg·bw的D-半乳糖溶液,制备小鼠氧化衰老模型,空白组注射相同剂量的生理盐水。将泥鳅制成肉骨泥给小鼠灌胃。以小鼠体重计,给小鼠灌胃100 mg/kg·bw的泥鳅肉骨泥为泥鳅低剂量组,给小鼠灌胃500 mg/kg·bw的泥鳅肉骨泥为泥鳅高剂量组,其余两组均灌胃同剂量生理盐水。动物实验结束后取血清、肝脏检测氧化指标。结果显示,与空白组相比,模型组血清SOD、肝脏CAT活性均显著降低（p<0.05）,而两个泥鳅肉骨泥组与空白组差异不显著。与空白组相比,模型组血清和肝脏MDA含量均显著增加（p<0.05）,而两个泥鳅肉骨泥组与空白组差异不显著。另外,与空白组相比,模型组血糖显著降低（p<0.05）,两个泥鳅肉骨泥组与空白组无显著差异。但是实验也表明,灌胃泥鳅肉骨泥对小鼠高、低密度脂蛋白影响不大,各组之间并无显著差异。      

不同分子量分布的美拉德产物的呈味特性及抗氧化抗菌活性研究

通过超滤及葡聚糖凝胶色谱技术结合将美拉德产物按分子量大小分级成三个组分,即小于1000u、1000～5000u和大于5000u,并评价其在清汤中的风味特性、清除DPPH自由基的能力及对金黄色葡萄球菌、李斯特菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的抑制活性。结果显示,1000～5000u的美拉德产物增强风味的效果最显著,其次是小于1000u的产物,这两种产物对DPPH自由基清除率分别达80%和72%,对四种菌的最低抑制浓度达25～75mg/mL。大于5000u的美拉德产物在较低浓度下清除率达90%,对四种菌的最低抑制浓度为6.25～25mg/mL,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最强,最低抑制浓度达6.25mg/mL。     

微波辅助提取垂丝海棠花中多糖及其抗氧化研究

目的:优化垂丝海棠花中多糖的微波提取工艺。方法:在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应面分析法,研究提取时间、微波功率、料液比对垂丝海棠花中多糖含量的影响,确立最佳提取工艺。同时,以DPPH自由基清除能力、还原Fe3+能力、清除·OH能力为指标研究垂丝海棠花多糖的抗氧化活性。结果:垂丝海棠花中多糖的最佳提取工艺为:微波提取时间15min,液料比30∶1（g/g）,微波功率3k W。抗氧化实验结果表明,在达到最大浓度0.96mg/m L时,垂丝海棠花多糖（微波）、垂丝海棠花多糖（煮沸）对DPPH自由基的清除率依次为69.8%、59.5%,垂丝海棠花多糖（微波）、垂丝海棠花多糖（煮沸）对·OH自由基的清除率依次为80.1%、58.2%,对还原Fe3+能力较强。显示垂丝海棠花多糖有一定抗氧化活性,且垂丝海棠花多糖（微波）较垂丝海棠花多糖（煮沸）活性强。结论:微波提取垂丝海棠花中多糖较常规提取效率高,时间短,且抗氧化活性强。      

忍冬藤总黄酮超声辅助提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性研究

本研究采用中心复合实验优化了超声辅助提取忍冬藤总黄酮的工艺;以1,1-二苯基-二苦基肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基和2,2’-连氮基-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）（ABTS+·）清除能力,Fe2+螯合力和铁离子还原抗氧化力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）为指标,研究了忍冬藤总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:超声辅助提取忍冬藤总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度70%、液固比31∶1（m L/g）、超声功率210 W,超声时间8 min,按此工艺提取忍冬藤总黄酮,得率达7.74%±0.10%。体外抗氧化活性的研究显示忍冬藤总黄酮清除DPPH自由基的IC50为48.1μg/m L、清除ABTS+自由基的IC50为66.1μg/m L、Fe2+螯合力的EC50为83.6μg/m L,在6.25²00μg/m L的浓度范围内,FRAP值与总黄酮的浓度呈线性关系:Y=0.0019x+0.1527（R2=0.9964）。此研究为忍冬藤总黄酮的进一步开发和利用提供了理论依据。      

鱿鱼肌肉蛋白肽的制备工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以鱿鱼肌肉为原料,先考察了酶解时间、温度和加酶量对鱿鱼蛋白肽清除羟自由基的影响,再采用BoxBehnken实验设计和响应面分析对鱿鱼肌肉酶解工艺条件进行优化。同时采用清除自由基和小鼠体内抗氧化活性对抗氧化肽的抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明:酶解时间、加酶量对羟自由基清除率影响最为显著（p<0.01）,最佳工艺条件为:酶解时间6 h,加酶量0.07 g/10 g,酶解温度55℃。在该条件下,羟自由基清除率的验证值为90.31%±0.54%。鱿鱼抗氧化肽对DPPH·、OH·和O-2·的EC50分别为8.8、16.5和10.3 mg/m L。鱿鱼抗氧化肽高低剂量组的小鼠体内SOD活性分别比空白组高19.2%和14.2%。抗氧化肽高低剂量组小鼠体内的GSH比空白组提高了23.4%和14%。鱿鱼抗氧化肽具有较强的抗氧化活性。      

Frozen Storage Quality of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as Affected by Oxygen, Illumination, and Fillet Pigment

We investigated the influence of packaging materials with high, medium and low oxygen transmission rates (OTR) on the development of 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and astaxanthin retention in rainbow trout fillets. Three different levels of astaxanthin, during dark or illuminated frozen storage were studied. Samples were analyzed after 17, 29 and 36 wk frozen storage. Rancidity developed more rapidly in packages with high OTR. This effect was more pronounced in illuminated samples, also verified by sensory evaluation. Fillets with highest astaxanthin content reached maximum TBARS after 29 wk. The two less pigmented sample groups reached maximum after 17 wk frozen storage, indicating antioxidative effects of astaxanthin.     

Effect of Trichoderma asperellum on Wheat Plants’ Biochemical and Molecular Responses,and Yield under Different Water Stress Conditions

Eight Trichoderma strains were evaluated for their potential to protect wheat seedlings against severe (no irrigation within two weeks) water stress (WS). Considering the plant fresh weight and phenotype, T. asperellum T140, which displays 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity and which is able to produce several phytohormones, was selected. The molecular and biochemical results obtained from 4-week-old wheat seedlings linked T140 application with a downregulation in the WS-response genes, a decrease in antioxidant activities, and a drop in the proline content, as well as low levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in response to severe WS. All of these responses are indicative of T140-primed seedlings having a higher tolerance to drought than those that are left untreated. A greenhouse assay performed under high nitrogen fertilization served to explore the long-term effects of T140 on wheat plants subjected to moderate (halved irrigation) WS. Even though all of the plants showed acclimation to moderate WS regardless of T140 application, there was a positive effect exerted by T. asperellum on the level of tolerance of the wheat plants to this stress. Strain T140 modulated the expression of a plant ABA-dependent WS marker and produced increased plant superoxide dismutase activity, which would explain the positive effect of Trichoderma on increasing crop yields under moderate WS conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of T. asperellum T140 as a biostimulant for wheat plants under WS conditions, making them more tolerant to drought.     

Sustainable Bioactive Packaging Based on Thermoplastic Starch and Microalgae

This study combines the use of corn starch and Tetradesmus obliquus microalgae for the production of antioxidant starch films as flexible packaging material. Starch was plasticized with glycerol and blended with 1 w% polyallylamine chosen as an agent to modify the film physical properties. The addition of polyallylamine improved film water stability and water vapor transmission rate as well as mechanical stiffness and tenacity. The dried Tetradesmus obliquus microalgae, which showed an EC₅₀ value of 2.8 mg/mg DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), was then used as antioxidant filler. The addition of microalgae provided the films with good antioxidant activity, which increased with microalgae content increasing. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the development of sustainable bioactive packaging films composed of almost 100% starch, and follows the European union’s goals on plastics strategy concerning the promotion of bio-based, compostable plastics and the setting up of approaches to prevent food waste with a simple plastic packaging.