Magnetic induction based cluster optimization in non-conventional WSNs: A cross layer approach

Conventional Radio Frequency (RF) communication technique is unsuitable for communication in non-conventional media (water, soil, rocks, etc.) because of heavy losses incurred due to dynamic channel characteristics. Magnetic Induction (MI) communication overcomes these losses as it is least affected by such varying channel characteristics. In non-conventional media based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) the deployed sensor nodes cannot replace or replenish their batteries. Thus, energy consumption should be minimized and that can be achieved by clustering process. This process involves data sensing, aggregation and routing to the base station. These sub-tasks are performed under Physical (PHY), Medium Access Control (MAC) and Network (NET) layers of OSI Network model. Having lesser or larger number of clusters has different impact on energy consumption in different layers’ perspective. A large number of clusters decreases energy consumption as per PHY layer whereas it results in increased energy consumption as per MAC and NET layers. Thus, a trade-off is required to minimize the overall energy consumption. To this end, we found an optimal number of clusters considering the simultaneous influence of all three layers. The above analysis is performed for three media viz. sea water, fresh water and dry soil.     

瞬变电磁井间勘探的全空间几何因子

井间是剩余油的主要分布区域,为探测井间剩余油,提高采收率,提出了基于全空间几何因子的瞬变电磁井间勘探方法。在本井使用线圈发射、邻井使用线圈接收,根据瞬变电磁场理论,在阶跃信号的激励下发射线圈在地层中激发出沿圆周方向的闭合瞬变电场,该电场在导电地层中产生与地层电导率呈正比的涡流。由Doll地层环模型可知,地层中的涡流在空间任意点激发得到与地层电导率成正比的二次场响应信号(有用信号),并可表示为空间各点电导率的加权平均值,其权重即为井间瞬变电磁勘探的全空间几何因子;全空间几何因子集中分布在发射线圈和接收线圈附近,其它区域分布较少,在发射线圈和接收线圈两侧呈现不同的极性;对瞬变电磁响应与地层电导率、井间距和源距的变化规律研究可知,瞬变电磁井间勘探有用信号随着地层电导率的增大而增大,随着井间距的增加单调减小,在发射线圈和接收线圈处于同一深度时该响应信号幅度最大。     

Exploiting array manipulation habits to optimize garbage collection and type flow analysis

A widespread practice to implement a flexible array is to consider the storage area into two parts: the used area, which is already available for read/write operations, and the supply area, which is used in case of enlargement of the array. The main purpose of the supply area is to avoid as much as possible the reallocation of the whole storage area in case of enlargement. As the supply area is not used by the application, the main idea of the paper is to convey the information to the garbage collector, making it possible to avoid completely the marking of the supply area. We also present a simple method to analyze the types of objects, which are stored in an array as well as the possible presence of NULL values within the array. This allows us to better specialize the work of the garbage collector when marking the used area, and also, by transitivity, to improve overall results for type analysis of all expressions of the source code. After introducing several abstract data types, which represent the main arrays concerned by our technique (i.e., zero or variable indexing, circular arrays and hash maps), we measure its impact during the bootstrap of two compilers whose libraries are equipped with these abstract data types. We then measure, on various software products we have not written, the frequency of certain habits of manipulation of arrays, to assess the validity of our approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the inversion of a class of nonlinear systems

This paper deals with the inversion problem of affine square multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems. It presents a new algorithm unifying the construction of the inverse of a dynamical system with a regular or a singular characteristic matrix. This algorithm is based on the determination of a projector on the fibre bundle of the state space and incorporates a regularization of the singular case. It has the advantage of avoiding the input derivatives. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the proposed approach.     

Force dispersion and shock damping mediated by close-packed arrays of distally connected cells

Though current materials developed to prevent damage to goods and/or pain and injury to human limbs actually absorb relatively little and disperse virtually no energy in confined spaces, we still primarily rely upon the limited physical properties of such conventional protective materials. New structures (that consist of arrayed cells which are pressurized with fluid and interconnected with distant cells via channels) have been shown to efficiently disperse force and damp shock. A series of experiments demonstrated that when dynamic force was applied to the tops of these structures, the dispersion mechanism of the structure resulted in a markedly decreased maximum pressure at the bottom surface as well as a gradual rather than sudden increase of the pressure which remained. The maximum pressure is reduced by at least a factor of ten over that of conventional “bubble packaging-like” material. A theoretical analysis of dynamic energy dispersion is also provided, which accounts for flow resistance in channels and agrees well with the experimental results.     

由三角网格模型重构多层次几何信息方法研究

利用STL标准文件系统表达的三角网格模型同CAD模型中几何设计信息间的约束映射关系，提出将三角网格实体模型重构为B—rep、几何信息集、独立于应用领域的几何信息等多层次几何信息表达方法，使面向虚拟设计、虚拟装配领域的应用只需对几何抽象信息表达查询而无需查询最底层的三角网格信息。将提出的方法在摩托车曲面的虚拟变形设计中作为提供产品信息的基础层，初步解决了虚拟环境中产品设计的可行性问题。     

十面体变几何桁架机构位置正解分析

本文对十面体变几何析架机构位置正解进行了分析。在等效几何模型基础上建立约束方程组，然后设法使方程组中的中间变量消去，获得其４８次的一元输入输出方程。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Continuous Secondary Ultrasonic Electropolishing of an SKD61 Cylindrical Part</Emphasis>

An effective ultrasonic-aided electropolishing system using low-cost electrodes for polishing cylindrical parts is developed. The process can be integrated with the primary processes of traditional turning, drawing, form rolling, or extrusion to achieve a good surface finish for moulds. Ultrasonic energy is applied to the electrolyte for residue discharge during electropolishing. Both continuous and pulsed direct current are tested in the study. The controlled factors include the chemical composition and concentration of the electrolyte, the electrolyte temperature, the flowrate of electrolyte, the initial gap width, and the rotational speed of the workpiece. The experimental parameters are the frequency and power of the ultrasonic vibration, electrical current density, pulse period, rotational speed of the electrode, the electrode feedrate, and the electrode geometry. The incorporation of ultrasonics is found to be more effective than the use of pulsed current, without sacrificing the polishing time. An average surface roughness of 0.3 μm can be obtained by this method. ID="A1"Correspondance and offprint requests to: Professor H. Hocheng, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. E-mail: hocheng@pme.nthu.edu.tw     

The circular intersection model

The circular intersection problem is to position two planar structures of circular forms such that the total overlap area between the structures is maximized under rigid motion mechanics. The intersection model is formulated as a constrained nonlinear program and solved using a sequential quadratic programming algorithm implemented on a spreadsheet. Numerical examples illustrate the methodology.