Multiphase microstructure and property of low carbon bainite/ferrite steel by quenching and carbon partitioning

The multiphase microstructure and properties of low carbon steel by IQ&PB process under different partitioning temperatures and time were studied by means of SEM, EPMA, XRD and tensile testing. Results show that the microstructures of experimental steel consist of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite. With the increase of the holding time in two- phase region, the C and Mn contents apparently increase in martensite which transformed from austenite, and C and Mn content are 1. 47 times and 1. 16 times than average value of the base. With the decrease of the quenching and partitioning temperature, the volume fraction of the bainite increases, the microstructure is refined, and the content of M/A islands increases. With the temperature and time increased, the volume fraction of retained austenite at room temperature increases, the tensile strength decreases, the total elongation increases, and work hardening behavior occurrs continuously. When the partitioning time is 30min and the partitioning temperature is 400??, the tensile strength of the steel is 1107MPa, the elongation is 24%, the product of strength and elongation reaches above 26568MPa??%.     

The Effect of Size and Shape of Austenite Grains on the Mechanical Properties of a Low‐Alloyed TRIP Steel

The effects of size and shape of austenite grains on the extraordinary hardening of steels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) have been studied. The deformation and transformation of austenite was followed by interrupted ex situ bending tests using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A finite element model (FEM) was used to relate the EBSD based results obtained in the bending experiments to the hardening behavior obtained from tensile experiments. The results are interpreted using a simple rule of mixture for stress partitioning and a short fiber reinforced composite model. It is found that both, the martensite transformation rate and the flow stress difference between austenite and martensite significantly influence the hardening rate. At the initial stage of deformation mainly larger grains deform, however, they do not reach the same strain level as the smaller grains because they transform into martensite at an early stage of deformation. A composite model was used to investigate the effect of grain shape on load partitioning. The results of the composite model show that higher stresses develop in more elongated grains. These grains tend to transform earlier as it is confirmed by the EBSD observations.     

Effect of Testing Temperature on Retained Austenite Stability of Cold Rolled CMnSi Steels Treated by Quenching and Partitioning Process

The effect of testing temperature on retained austenite (RA) stability of industrially cold rolled CMnSi sheet steel treated by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process has been investigated by observing the deformation and transformation behavior of RA at different testing temperatures. Uniaxial tensile properties at different temperatures were determined and a correlation between RA stability and mechanical properties were also established. Ultimate tensile strength increases monotonously when temperature decreases, while total elongation reaches an optimum value between 0 and 20°C, where RA exhibits the greatest TRIP effect. Work hardening rate was calculated to decrease through three different stages in an oscillation manner, leading to significant enhancement in both strength and ductility. The kinetic of deformation‐induced martensite transformation is also studied and the stability of RA can be evaluated by comparing the kinetic parameter β.     

汽车用超高强度钢的合金化方式及组织控制

超高强度钢因其优异的强度及塑韧性而在汽车行业得到广泛应用。针对汽车用超高强度钢,详细介绍了其合金化方式及强化机制,并详细阐述了奥氏体相及其相变所产生的组织增塑效应,以及对组织的调控方法。     

回火温度对高氮不锈轴承钢显微组织与力学性能的影响

采用万能拉伸试验机、冲击试验机、光学显微镜、XRD、SEM和TEM等对高氮不锈轴承钢Cronidur 30不同回火温度下的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究和分析。结果表明:高氮不锈轴承钢Cronidur 30在150~500 ℃回火时的显微组织为回火马氏体+碳氮化物+残留奥氏体,高于550 ℃回火后基体逐渐转变为回火索氏体,同时析出相逐渐聚集、长大;随着回火温度的升高,强度和硬度总体上呈现先下降后升高再下降的过程,而冲击性能反之,在450 ℃回火时,碳化物M₂₃C₆和氮化物Cr₂N析出明显,此时产生二次硬化现象,其抗拉强度可达2133 MPa。400 ℃回火试样发现有极少量富Cr-Fe-Mo的析出相(σ相),显著降低其冲击性能,500 ℃回火时残留奥氏体分解、转变导致冲击性能略有降低。     

热处理工艺对30Cr16Mo1VN钢组织和性能的影响

为探索30Cr16Mo1VN钢最佳的热处理工艺,采用冲击、拉伸试验机、洛氏硬度计、OM、SEM、XRD、TEM研究了淬、回火温度对该钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:该钢最佳的淬火温度为1050 ℃,淬火后存在少量M₂₃C₆碳化物和M₂N氮化物阻碍晶界迁移,其平均晶粒尺寸为14.1 μm,而大部分碳/氮化物固溶进基体中,导致Ms点降低,残留奥氏体含量增至59.2%。经-73 ℃冷处理后,大量残留奥氏体转变成马氏体,硬度提高至57 HRC。该钢300 ℃回火时具有良好的强韧性匹配,抗拉强度达2030 MPa,断面收缩率为10.0%。回火后基体发生回复,位错密度降低,随回火温度的升高,基体上析出细小弥散的球状碳化物阻碍位错运动产生二次硬化,450 ℃回火时出现硬度峰值。回火温度低于500 ℃时,该钢的硬度值皆大于55 HRC,具有良好的回火稳定性。     

预处理温度对Cr-Ni-Co-Mo马氏体时效不锈钢强度的影响

研究了预处理温度对Cr-Ni-Co-Mo马氏体时效不锈钢强度的影响,其内容包括预处理温度对原始锻态粗晶遗传及自发再结晶的影响,以及对最终热处理后残留+逆转变奥氏体量和力学性能的影响。结果表明:900 ℃以下预处理遗传锻态粗晶,即通过α′→γ切变机制形成高缺陷密度的奥氏体。预处理温度升高,最终750 ℃固溶、－73 ℃冷处理后的残留奥氏体量,以及500 ℃时效的残留+逆转变奥氏体量减少,因此最终的抗拉和屈服强度升高。预处理温度提高到800 ℃以上,则不再影响最终热处理后的残留+逆转变奥氏体量,因此抗拉和屈服强度趋于稳定。900 ℃以上预处理遗传的锻态粗晶自发再结晶使晶粒细化,降低形成的奥氏体内的缺陷密度,降低750 ℃固溶处理后奥氏体内累积的缺陷密度,最终的时效强化效应下降,导致晶粒细化并不能提高最终的强度。     

An ultrahigh strength steel with ultrafine-grained microstructure produced through intercritical deformation and partitioning process

In this work, a novel design scheme in which deformation-induced ferrite transformation (DIFT) was applied to produce fine-grained steel and the quenching is controlled by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process has led to the development of a new kind of steel. This steel possesses excellent mechanical properties and the ductility can be further improved without compromising strength because the refined microstructure contains martensite, retained austenite and deformation-induced ferrite. The highest elongation of 15% allied with strength of 1700 MPa is obtained through hot deformation followed by Q&P treatment at 300 °C. The microstructure evolutions are discussed in terms of the current knowledge of the Q&P process and the experimental observations. The results show that the designed multiphase steels are a promising candidate for the development of the third generation of advanced high strength steels.     

Fine structure characterization of martensite/austenite constituent in low‐carbon low‐alloy steel by transmission electron forward scatter diffraction

Transmission electron forward scatter diffraction and other characterization techniques were used to investigate the fine structure and the variant relationship of the martensite/austenite (M/A) constituent of the granular bainite in low‐carbon low‐alloy steel. The results demonstrated that the M/A constituents were distributed in clusters throughout the bainitic ferrite. Lath martensite was the main component of the M/A constituent, where the relationship between the martensite variants was consistent with the Nishiyama–Wassermann orientation relationship and only three variants were found in the M/A constituent, suggesting that the variants had formed in the M/A constituent according to a specific mechanism. Furthermore, the Σ3 boundaries in the M/A constituent were much longer than their counterparts in the bainitic ferrite region. The results indicate that transmission electron forward scatter diffraction is an effective method of crystallographic analysis for nanolaths in M/A constituents.     

偏析对纳米贝氏体钢再纳米化焊缝组织性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜TEM和电子背散射衍射EBSD分析了焊接偏析对纳米贝氏体钢再纳米化焊缝中的残余奥氏体的影响.结果表明,焊接偏析导致了粗大奥氏体的形成,该粗大奥氏体集中分布于枝晶间位置.粗大奥氏体的含碳量低于块状奥氏体,稳定性降低.母材残余奥氏体尺寸为亚微米级且均匀分布,而焊缝残余奥氏体的平均晶粒尺寸为微米级,且分布不均匀.焊接偏析导致的焊缝残余奥氏体的变化对焊缝延伸率有重要影响.力学测试结果表明再纳米化焊缝强度与母材相当,延伸率明显小于母材.