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61.
Catherine J. Watson 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》1990,24(1):1-10
Urea can be an inefficient N source due to rapid hydrolysis by soil urease leading to NH3 volatilization. The current study investigated the effect of the urease inhibitor phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) incorporated at two concentrations (0.5% and 1% w/w) within the fertilizer granule on NH3 volatilization from surface applied urea. The daily rates of NH3 loss from 20 soils of widely differing properties from Northern Ireland were measured over 14 days using ventilated enclosures under simulated spring conditions. Cumulative loss rates were calculated and fitted to a logistic model from which total NH3 loss (Amax) and the time to maximum rate of loss (Tmax) were determined. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis related the effectiveness of PPD in reducing NH3 volatilization from urea to soil properties.The total cumulative loss of ammonia from unamended urea varied from 0.37 to 29.2% depending on soil type. Ammonia volatilization appeared to be greatest on a soil with a high pH (R2 = 0.65), a low titratable acidity (TA) (R2 = 0.63) and a soil that was drying out (R2 = 0.50). Soil pH was negatively correlated with TA (r = –0.826, P < 0.001) suggesting that soils with a low TA may have received recent lime. Including cation exchange capacity (CEC) and % N as well as pH-KCl in the multiple linear regression equation explained 86% of the variance.The effectiveness of PPD in reducing Amax varied between 0% to 91% depending on soil type, the average over all 20 soils being 30 and 36% for 0.5% and 1% PPD respectively. The most important soil properties influencing the effectiveness of the urease inhibitor were soil pH-H2O and TA accounting for 33% and 29% of the variance respectively. PPD was less effective on a soil with a high pH and low TA. These were the soil conditions that led to high NH3 volatilization from unamended urea and may explain why PPD had limited success in reducing ammonia loss on these soils. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that 75% of the variation in the % inhibition of NH3 loss by PPD could be significantly accounted for by pH-H2O, initial soil NO
3
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-N concentration, % moisture content and % moisture loss.The delay in Tmax by PPD ranged from 0.19 to 7.93 days, the average over all 20 soils being 2.5 and 2.8 days for 0.5% and 1% PPD respectively. TA, % moisture content, urease activity and CEC were soil properties that significantly explained 83% of the variation in the % delay in Tmax by PPD in multiple linear regression analysis. However, none of these soil properties were significant on their own. As urea hydrolysis occurs rapidly in soil, delaying Tmax under field conditions would increase the chance of rain falling to move the urea below the soil surface and reduce NH3 volatilization. A urease inhibitor should be more effective than PPD on soils with a high pH and low TA to be successful in reducing high NH3 losses. 相似文献
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64.
亚硫酸氢钠对美拉德褐变反应的抑制作用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文介绍了影响美拉德褐变反应的一些因素,讨论了亚硫酸氢钠对褐变的影响。 相似文献
65.
壳聚糖及其衍生物与碘的络合物的抑菌性质研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
利用壳聚糖(CTS)、水杨醛改性壳聚糖(S-CTS)和还原水杨醛改性壳聚糖(RS-CTS)与碘以不同质量比制备络合物,通过碘量法测络合物的摩尔比,UV光谱和IR光谱对络合物进行了表征。考察了CTS和RS-CTS与碘络合物的抑菌性质。结果表明,壳聚糖及其衍生物与碘络合物摩尔比(壳聚糖及其衍生物结构单元与碘之比)分别为:n(CTS)∶n(I2)=1∶0.38,n(S-CTS)∶n(I2)=1∶0.85,n(RS-CTS)∶n(I2)=1∶0.73。CTS和RS-CTS与碘的络合物对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌敏感度为高度敏感。 相似文献
66.
根据不同成分的水样中细菌再生长情况,研究了水中磷对生物稳定性的限制因子作用。结果显示,在测试水样中添加1 mg/L的NaAc后,细菌总数增加了100%-187%;在水样中添加15μg/L的NaH2PO4后,细菌总数增加了180%-203%。随水样中PO43-P含量的增加,细菌数目也在逐渐增加,但当水中PO43-P的含量大于等于5μg/L时,细菌已无明显增长趋势。试验结果表明磷和碳一样也是水中微生物生长的限制因素之一,并且对于该水样当PO43-P的含量为2μg/L—5μg/L之间的某个值时,磷的限制作用将会表现出来。 相似文献
67.
为了提高传感器节点的有效覆盖率,提出了一种基于细菌觅食优化(BFO)算法的节点部署策略。以网络覆盖率为目标函数,在细菌觅食算法的趋向操作过程中,引入碰壁策略,对细菌初始位置进行优化,从而提高算法的收敛速度。算法中的每个细菌都代表一只传感器,多个细菌组成的一个菌落代表一种传感器的部署方案。算法以菌落为单位做复制操作和迁徙操作,按照菌落适应度值大小选出较为优越的部署方案。通过仿真实验,分析了参数对算法性能的影响,并与其他方法的优化结果进行比较,结果表明:该算法有效地提高了传感器节点覆盖率。 相似文献
68.
目的建立稳定、高效表达重组铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A(rEPA)的工程菌发酵及表达产物纯化工艺。方法规模化发酵表达rEPA的重组大肠杆菌rPE553D,离心收集菌体,渗透压调解使菌体周质间隙蛋白释放后,高速离心收集蛋白溶液。经DEAESepharoseFF、PhenylSepharose6FF疏水层析和SOURCE30Q强离子交换层析,超滤浓缩纯化rEPA。用HPLC、SDS-PAGE和Westernblot等方法检定生化和免疫学特性,并用小鼠和Vero细胞检定毒性。结果每55L培养基中rEPA产量超过4g,纯度在95%以上,细胞毒性降低了至少32000倍。其余各项指标均符合《中国生物制品规程》要求。结论已建立了收率高、纯度好、稳定、适合规模化生产rEPA的工艺。 相似文献
69.
Mohammed A. Amin 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2006,36(2):215-226
This work reports results of weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance measurements on the corrosion inhibition
of copper in aerated non-stirred 3% NaCl solutions in the temperature range 15–65 °C using sodium oleate (SO) as an anionic
surfactant inhibitor. These studies have shown that SO is a very good ”green”, mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition process
was attributed to the formation of an adsorbed film on the metal surface that protects the metal against corrosive agents.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) observations of the electrode surface confirmed the existence
of such an adsorbed film. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing surfactant concentration and time of immersion,
while it decreases with solution temperature. Maximum inhibition efficiency of the surfactant is observed at concentrations
around its critical micellar concentration (CMC). The potential of zero charge (pzc) of copper was studied by ac impedance,
and the mechanism of adsorption is discussed. The sigmoidal shape of the adsorption isotherm confirms the applicability of
Frumkin’s equation to describe the adsorption process. Thermodynamic functions for the adsorption process were determined. 相似文献
70.