This paper analyses the design of carbon markets in time (i.e., intertemporally). It is part of a twin set of papers that ask, starting from first principles, what an optimal global carbon market would look like by around 2030. Our focus is on firm-level cap-and-trade systems, although much of what we say would also apply to government-level trading and carbon offset schemes. We examine the “first principles” of temporal design that would help to maximise flexibility and to minimise costs, including banking and borrowing and other mechanisms to provide greater carbon price predictability and credibility over time. 相似文献
Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has become one of the most effective approaches to achieve ultra-low-power SoC. To eliminate timing errors arising from DVS, several error-resilient circuit design techniques were proposed to detect and/or correct timing violations. The most recently proposed time-borrowing-and-local-boosting (TBLB) technique has the advantage of lower power consumption and less performance degradation due to the needlessness of pipeline stalls. On the other hand, to make the best use of the TBLB technique, the latency from error detection to voltage boosting for TBLB latches must be carefully considered, especially during physical design. To address this issue, this paper first introduces the behavior of TBLB circuits, and then presents two major design styles of TBLB latches, including TBLB macros and multi-bit TBLB latches, for reducing detection-to-boosting latency. The corresponding physical synthesis methodologies for both design styles are further proposed. Experimental results based on the IWLS benchmarks show that the proposed physical synthesis approach for resilient circuits with multi-bit TBLB latches is very effective in reducing the delay of both combinational and error-detection circuits, which indicates better circuit reliability. To our best knowledge, this is the first work in the literature which introduces the physical synthesis methodologies for TBLB resilient circuits. 相似文献
We demonstrate a borrowing hydrogen methodology using the unique reactivity of the π‐benzylpalladium system in water, which offers an efficient and environmentally friendly N‐monobenzylation of electron‐deficient anilines or 2‐aminopyridine with non‐activated benzylic alcohols under neutral conditions. The crossover experiment using benzyl‐α,α‐d2 alcohol and 3‐methylbenzyl alcohol afforded H/D scrambling products, suggesting that the borrowing hydrogen pathway occurred in our catalytic system. Our simple protocol can accomplish a gram scale reaction of 2‐aminobenzonitrile (76 % isolated yield), and is performed with the use of only 1 mol % Pd(OAc)2 and 2 mol % TPPMS without other additives in water.
