Effect of deposition conditions on the properties and annealing behavior of cold-sprayed copper

The deposition of copper by cold gas dynamic spraying has attracted much interest in recent years due to the capability to deposit low-porosity oxide-free coatings. However, it is generally found that as-deposited copper has a signicantly greater hardness, and potentially lower ductility, than bulk material. In this article, copper was deposited by cold spraying using helium as the driving gas at both 298 and 523 K. Evidence is presented indicating that the material sprayed at the lower temperature exhibits a lower dislocation density throughout the grain structure than the material sprayed at the higher temperature. The low stacking fault energy of copper restricts recovery during annealing, and thus microstructural changes during annealing only proceed once recrystallization begins. The material sprayed at low temperature (with the low dislocation density) exhibited recrystallization at annealing temperatures as low as 373 K with a corresponding reduction in hardness. However, the copper sprayed with helium at 523 K was resistant to annealing at temperatures up to 473 K where the dislocations in the structure prevented recrystallization. However, at higher temperatures, recrystallization did proceed (with corresponding reductions in hardness). The fracture behavior of the copper that was cold sprayed with helium at 523 K, both in the as-sprayed condition and following annealing, was measured and explained in terms of the annealing mechanisms proposed. The original version of this paper was published in the CD ROM Thermal Spray Connects: Explore Its Surfacing Potential, International Thermal Spray Conference, sponsored by DVS, ASM International, and HW International Institute of Welding, Basel, Switzerland, May 2–4, 2005, DVS-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.     

Microstructure evolution of cold-sprayed coating during deposition and through post-spraying heat treatment

The microstructural features of cold-sprayed coatings were investigated using Cu, Ti and Zn feedstocks by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to reveal the microstructure evolution mechanisms in cold spray. Four typical effects including tamping, refinement, impact-induced fusion and annealing were examined on microstrueture. It is found that the microstructure of cold spray coating is remarkably influenced by spray materials. Ti coatings consist of evident porous layer and Cu coatings present a limited porous layer only near the surface. It is clear that the successive tamping effect and dynamic refinement of grains significantly influence the microstructure evolution of cold-sprayed coating. The tamping effect leads to the densification of porous coating layer gradually and the refinement effect leads to the formation of fine microstructure. It is considered that the large difference in the formation of porous layer is attributed to the dynamic impact pressure and hardenability of materials. It is also found that the impact-induced fusion during deposition of Zn coating can also modify the interfacial microstructure between particles in cold spray coating. Moreover, the nanocrystalline phase can be formed at the interfaces among particles resulting from the localized melting of the interfaces and tamping effect. Furthermore, the annealing treatment can modify the microstructure and property of a cold-sprayed coating.     

板坯连铸大辊径大压下及低压缩比轧制特厚板

 近年来,国内外科研工作者开发的连铸凝固末端重压下技术在改善连铸坯的疏松、偏析等方面取得了良好效果,但仍存在扇形段小辊径压下厚铸坯时,应变难以渗透到铸坯芯部、不利于中心疏松改善等不足。以高效率、低成本、低能耗获得高质量厚铸坯,并实现低压缩比轧制高质量厚规格产品,仍需要进一步探索。为了更加有效地解决厚铸坯连铸凝固过程产生的中心疏松及偏析问题,提出一种全新的宽厚板坯连铸大辊径大压下(BRHR)技术并研制了BRHR设备,在宽厚板坯连铸生产线上安装、调试并运行两年多,同时配套开发了宽厚板坯连铸工艺过程预测与控制系统、二冷水工艺优化控制技术。结果表明,开发的BRHR装备与技术有利于压下应变渗透到铸坯芯部,在连铸生产线上利用凝固末端或刚完全凝固(固相分数f_s=1.0)形成的大于500 ℃或大于400 ℃的大梯度温度场实施大直径辊大压下,可以显著改善宽厚板坯中心缺陷。生产实践证明,采用BRHR装备与技术使厚度为400 mm的宽厚板连铸坯缩孔、疏松及偏析得到显著改善,结合轧制工艺优化以1.90~2.53的极低压缩比轧制生产出厚度为150~200 mm的高质量特厚板,这对低成本、短流程生产高质量特厚规格产品及节能减排意义重大。     

粗轧过程中轧制力和宽展的预测与分析

 板带轧制数学模型是实现自动控制的基础,高精度的数学模型是提升产品质量和市场竞争力的重要保障。在热连轧粗轧过程控制中,轧制力和宽展是关键参数,其模型精度不仅会影响粗轧轧制规程的设定,而且会影响最终热连轧带钢产品凸度。以矩形板坯热连轧粗轧过程为研究对象,针对轧制变形区建立了三维运动许可加权速度场,在此基础上充分考虑自然宽展效应,基于刚塑性材料的第一变分原理,采用可变上限积分法对塑性变形、剪切功率和摩擦功率进行积分获得变形区总功率泛函。利用Matlab优化工具箱对总功率泛函进行最小化,得到了轧制力、宽度分布的理论解。最后利用理论模型计算数据回归得到了板坯宽展及速度场中的加权系数模型。将基于所提出模型的轧制力和宽展预测值与现场实测值及部分有关学者所建立模型的预测值进行了对比,结果验证了所建立模型的准确性。研究得到的宽展模型和速度场加权系数表达式可以方便、灵活、快速地应用到粗轧现场中,为更高质量热连轧带钢产品的生产奠定了坚实基础。     

冷轧带钢板形测控技术的发展状况和关键问题

 冷轧带钢属于高端精品钢材,板形在线检测与控制是冷轧带钢的高端核心关键技术。自主创新研制板形测控系统是实现中国钢铁工业发展升级、建设钢铁强国的重大需求。目前,板形测控技术市场国外占据优势,国产系统正在代替进口,扩大应用规模,推进技术完善。研制先进的板形测控系统需要解决的关键技术有高精度高质量的板形仪、功能完备强大的控制手段和方法、高精度高速度的数学模型。板形仪主要有接触式和非接触式两大类,接触式板形仪通过测量带钢张力的横向分布反映板形,非接触式板形仪通过测量带钢浪形反映板形。接触式板形仪可靠耐用精度高,应用广泛,发展趋势为整辊式板形检测辊、无线式信号传输装置、板形数据的精确处理。板形控制数学模型的主要类型,按建模的原理和方法可分为机理模型和智能模型;按模型的性质和作用可分为分析模型和控制模型;按板形的表示方法可分为多点控制模型和分量控制模型。板形控制模型的发展趋势为机理与智能协同建模、动态模拟预报和动态解耦控制、多种手段和方法的协同优化。进一步提高板形测控技术水平需要突破3项关键问题,即整辊式板形仪通道耦合与解耦的机理模型、板形控制的动态模拟和动态解耦模型、板形控制的高精度智能建模方法。     

控轧控冷工艺对高强度锚杆钢组织和性能的影响

随着矿井深度的增加,对锚杆支护强韧性的要求越来越高,为了应对这一情况,需要研发出更高强度的锚杆钢。利用锚杆钢研究了轧制工艺、冷却工艺与珠光体、铁素体相比例,析出相析出行为及力学性能的关系。研究结果表明,在中轧后、精轧前采用适当水冷+回复段处理的复合工艺可使晶粒更细小、组织更均匀。对超高强度锚杆钢进行热压缩变形试验,由热模拟试验结果确定相转变温度为A_c1=737 ℃、A_c3=886 ℃。最终筛选出入精轧温度为810 ℃、回复段温度为800 ℃时,可获得的晶粒尺寸达4 μm,珠光体体积分数为66.8%,铁素体体积分数为33.2%,珠光体片层间距达200 nm;另外调整V、Cr、N等析出以提高锚杆钢的强韧性,较低的回复温度有利于细小、弥散、V(C/N)析出相的析出,V(C/N)的析出可进一步改善锚杆钢的力学性能。由该控轧控冷工艺轧制的锚杆钢屈服强度为780 MPa、抗拉强度为930 MPa、硬度为291HV、伸长率为20%。     

基于粗轧镰刀弯的精轧跑偏预控模型及应用

带钢热轧跑偏问题是影响带钢生产与板形质量的重要因素。轧制生产过程中,由于粗轧中间坯头部弯曲导致的精轧堆钢事故频发,不仅严重危害生产稳定性,还造成资源的严重浪费和企业的经济损失。为了解决上述问题,针对粗轧非对称板形影响因素,结合实测粗轧中间坯以及工艺过程数据,建立中间坯头部预控模型,并利用加权最小二乘法与模型自学习对模型增益系数进行优化,最终建立了基于粗轧镰刀弯的精轧跑偏预控模型。将模型计算值应用于现场生产后,有效降低了精轧带钢头部跑偏,具有较好的参考价值和指导意义。     

地锚拉杆整体抗拉强度损失分析

试验表明冷拔圆钢镶锻及热浸镀锌后整体抗拉强度有所下降，本文对这一现象进行了讨论，认为再结晶退火是其主要原因，在试验验证的基础上，提出了涂油镶锻的生产工艺。     

Interfacial energy and match of cold pressure welded Ag/Ni and Al/Cu

The technology of cold pressure welding was adopted to achieve the bonding of Al/Cu(limited soluble and forming compounds),Ag/Ni(hardly mutual soluble),and the relative state of interface was tested by HREM.The results indicate that stable interface is always corresponding to the low interfacial energy value;the stable interface is not coherent but partly-coherent because of the twisting of grain boundary caused by pressure,meanwhile existing dislocation.Namely,the interfacial match and other states under the condition of cold pressure welding are different from the situation that under the condition of thermal action.Moreover,theoretical analyses and calculation on the base of thermodynamics,crystallogeny ,solid physics etc,were discussed.     

MICROSTRUCTURES AND TEXTURES IN COLD-ROLLED ALUMINIUM STRIP

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