天然土壤胶体对U(Ⅵ)迁移的影响

以石英砂为填充介质,采用动态柱实验方法研究了某中低放处置场地表土壤胶体对U(Ⅵ)在石英砂柱中迁移行为的影响,并结合静态批式实验探究了土壤胶体对U(Ⅵ)迁移的影响机制。结果表明,当U(Ⅵ)进样质量浓度从1.0 mg/L增大至5.0 mg/L时,U(Ⅵ)在石英砂柱中的穿透速率显著增大,且达到洗脱平衡时所需淋洗液的体积从250 PVs（孔隙体积）增大至400 PVs。与U(Ⅵ)相比,土壤胶体在石英砂柱内迁移较快,这可能是由于土壤胶体与石英砂之间相互作用较弱所致。土壤胶体与U(Ⅵ)共存体系中,U(Ⅵ)的迁移速率明显增大,而土壤胶体迁移速率无显著变化,表明共存体系中U(Ⅵ)的迁移行为主要受土壤胶体所控制。静态吸附实验表明,在石英砂-U(Ⅵ)二元体系中,pH≈6.0时石英砂对U(Ⅵ)的吸附率最大,而在胶体-石英砂-U(Ⅵ)三元体系中,U(Ⅵ)主要在土壤胶体表面发生吸附。本研究所用土壤中胶体的质量分数仅约占0.04%,但可吸附20%U(Ⅵ)（初始质量浓度为5.0 mg/L）;由此可见,土壤胶体可与U(Ⅵ)发生强的相互作用,进而对U(Ⅵ)在真实环境体系中的吸附、迁移和扩散等行为产生至关重要的影响。     

春砂仁凝胶软糖的研制

采用广东阳春春砂仁的提取浓缩物为原料,选择并比较了几种亲水胶体的凝胶性能及形成凝胶软糖的工艺条件。通过胶体的复配,研制出一种外观晶莹透明、质地软糯而富有弹性、口感具有春砂仁特征滋味的凝胶软糖。其中亲水胶体含量为1%、总糖含量为66%、水分含量为17.6%。     

食品胶对甘薯淀粉膜性能的响应面法优化实验

以机械性能(抗张强度、断裂拉伸应变)和透湿性为指标,研究食品胶对甘薯淀粉膜性能的优化。结果表明：羟丙基羧甲基纤维素(HPCMC)添加量为3.5～4.0g/100g 淀粉、甘油添加量小于2.0g/100g 淀粉及黄原胶添加量小于2.0g/100g 淀粉时,膜的机械性能较好;HPCMC 添加量小于2.0g/100g 淀粉、甘油添加量大于4.0g/100g 淀粉和黄原胶添加量小于1.5g/100g 淀粉时,膜的透湿性较小。由于不同性能的优化值范围不完全相同,在实际应用中可根据对不同性能的要求进行选择。     

Lipid Oxidation in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: Involvement of the Interfacial Layer

More polyunsaturated fats in processed foods and fewer additives are a huge demand of public health agencies and consumers. Consequently, although foods have an enhanced tendency to oxidize, the usage of antioxidants, especially synthetic antioxidants, is restrained. An alternate solution is to better control the localization of reactants inside the food matrix to limit oxidation. This review establishes the state‐of‐the‐art on lipid oxidation in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions, with an emphasis on the role of the interfacial region, a critical area in the system in that respect. We first provide a summary on the essential basic knowledge regarding (i) the structure of O/W emulsions and interfaces and (ii) the general mechanisms of lipid oxidation. Then, we discuss the factors involved in the development of lipid oxidation in O/W emulsions with a special focus on the role played by the interfacial region. The multiple effects that can be attributed to emulsifiers according to their chemical structure and their location, and the interrelationships between the parameters that define the physicochemistry and structure of emulsions are highlighted. This work sheds new light on the interpretation of reported results that are sometimes ambiguous or contradictory.     

Role of physical structures in bulk oils on lipid oxidation

Lipid oxidation is important to food manufacturers especially when they increase unsaturated lipids in their products to improve nutritional profiles. Unfortunately, the number of antioxidants available to food manufacturers to control oxidative rancidity is limited and the approval of new antioxidants is unlikely due to economic barriers in obtaining government approval for new food additives. Therefore, new antioxidant technologies are needed for food oils. This paper reviews the current knowledge of lipid oxidation in foods with emphasis on how physical properties of food systems impact oxidation chemistry. In particular, the role of association colloids in bulk oils on lipid oxidation chemistry is discussed in an attempt to understand mechanisms of oxidation. Increasing the understanding of how physical properties impact lipid oxidation could lead to the development of novel antioxidant technologies that not only protect the oil against oxidation and increase shelf-life but also allow food manufacturers to include more nutritionally beneficial fatty acids in their products.     

Electrostatic Adsorption of a Colloidal Sintering Agent on Silicon Nitride Particles

Pressureless sintering of silicon nitride requires addition of sintering agents. The main part of this study was done in order to homogenize the distribution of sintering agents, in this case Y₂O₃, in a silicon nitride matrix. Colloidal 10-nm Y₂O₃ Particles were electrostatically adsorbed on Si₃N₄ particle surfaces. The adsorption was studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis and electrophoretic measurements. Addition of Y₂O₃ sol to a Si₃N₄ suspension decreased the viscosity of the suspension. The slip casting properties of Si₃N₄ suspensions with added Y₂O₃ sol were examined, and the homogeneity of Y₂O₃ in the green compacts was compared with conventionally prepared samples. An improved microstructural homogeneity was obtained when Y₂O₃ sol particles were adsorbed on the Si₃N₄ particle surfaces.     

Emulsifier‐free cationic latexes based on vinylbenzyl chloride and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate with adjusted hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties

Functional emulsifier‐free cationic latexes based on styrenic monomer vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) and acrylic monomer 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMA) were successfully prepared with dual quaternary ammonium ions (36–63 mol %) on both monomer moieties in two‐stages. First, [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethylhexadecylammonium bromide monomer (DMA(C₁₆)), prepared via quaternization of DMA with 1‐bromohexadecane, was utilized as a comonomer (5–20%) as well as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of VBC. Next, the quaternization of chloromethyl groups in the VBC moiety in latex particles with trimethylamine and N,N‐dimethylhexadecylamine created a second type of quaternized sites on the latex particles. The percentages of the quaternary ammonium ions of the first‐stage latexes (P[VBC‐DMA(C₁₆‐x)]) and the second‐stage latexes (P[VBC(R)‐DMA(C₁₆‐x)]) were determined using bromide and chloride ion‐selective electrodes. The particles were characterized with a scanning electron microscope, Zetasizer, measuring water contact angles of their pellets. The polymer structure and the alkyl group length in their quaternary ammonium ions played an important role on the sizes, zeta potentials and hydrophilic–hydrophobic balances of the latexes. The water contact angles of the pellets of the latex particles varied from 50.3 to 109.6° depending on both the polymer structure and the alkyl group length. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42775.     

土壤和地下水环境中胶体与污染物共迁移研究进展

天然胶体在土壤和地下水环境中广泛存在。由于胶体不仅具有粒径小、比表面积大、表面带有电荷等基本特点,而且具有独特的双电层结构和丰富的表面官能团,这些特点使得胶体成为地下环境中最为活跃的组分,并对土壤与地下水中污染物的迁移产生重要影响。近年来,土壤与地下水环境中的胶体及其对污染物的促进迁移作用受到越来越多研究者的关注。综述了地下环境中的胶体来源、可移动胶体的释放与沉积、胶体自身的特征与环境行为以及胶体对不同污染物的促进迁移作用,分析了各种环境因子对胶体-污染物共迁移的影响。在此基础上,对地下环境中胶体与污染物共迁移的过程与机理等尚需深入研究的关键科学问题提出了研究展望。     

Preparation of raspberry‐like poly(methyl methacrylate) particles by seeded dispersion polymerization

The facile preparation of nonspherical raspberry‐like poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles by seeded dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on micron‐sized PMMA seed particles was described. Various polymerization parameters influencing the particle morphology, as well as the polymerization kinetic and morphological stability, were investigated in detail. It was found that the following polymerization conditions were necessary to prepare this kind of nonspherical particles: a relatively low temperature, an appropriate ratio of seed/MMA, an initiator with a relatively low decomposition rate, and a relatively low initiator concentration. These particles showed very good morphological stability at room temperature, but they changed to the spherical ones when heat treated at 60°C in methanol solution of MMA. The experimental results suggest that the prepared PMMA particles were kinetically favored and the localized polymerization of the MMA monomer on PMMA seed particle surface was responsible for the formation of the raspberry‐like particles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011